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Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Glycolysis01:23

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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La esponja de protones: un catalizador de la glicólisis aromática.

Robbie A Clark1, Ciaran W Lahive1, Michael P Shaver1

  • 1Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9BL UK michael.shaver@manchester.ac.uk.

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Un nuevo organocatalizador de esponja de protones (PS) despolimeriza de manera eficiente los desechos plásticos de polietileno tereftalato (PET) a través de la glucólisis. Este método consigue altos rendimientos de bis ((2-hidroxietil) tereftalato (BHET) en condiciones suaves, ofreciendo una prometedora solución de reciclaje.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de Polímeros La Química de Polímeros es la química de los polímeros.
  • Química orgánica es la química orgánica.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La despolimerización química es crucial para el reciclaje de plástico de polietileno tereftalato (PET), especialmente para las corrientes de residuos inadecuadas para el reciclaje mecánico.
  • La glicólisis, utilizando etilenoglicol (EG) y un catalizador, es una prometedora tecnología de despolimerización de PET.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir el naftaleno 1,8-bis (dimetilamino) (esponja de protones, PS) como un nuevo organocatalisador para la glicólisis del PET.
  • Para investigar la eficiencia, la cinética y la escalabilidad de la glucólisis de PET catalizada por PS.

Principales métodos:

  • La glucólisis de PET se realizó utilizando etileno glicol (EG) y 1,8-bis (dimetilamino) naftaleno (PS) como el organocatalisador.
  • Se analizó la cinética de la reacción y se comparó el rendimiento del catalizador con las bases no aromáticas.
  • El proceso se demostró en una escala de 10 g con diferentes cargas de catalizador y tolerancia al aire.

Principales resultados:

  • La PS permitió un rendimiento del 89% de bis ((2-hidroxietil) tereftalato (BHET) en 45 minutos a 180 °C con un catalizador del 20 mol% y 10 equivalentes. EG. también.
  • Los PS demostraron una inflamación más rápida del PET y tiempos de inducción más cortos en comparación con los catalizadores no aromáticos.
  • La reacción siguió una cinética de pseudo primer orden (R2 > 0,98) con una energía de activación de 126,3 kJ mol-1.1.
  • La catálisis de PS fue tolerante al aire y efectiva a una carga reducida de 5 mol%, produciendo 64% de BHET (>99% de pureza) a escala de 10 g.

Conclusiones:

  • El 1,8-bis (dimetilamino) naftaleno (PS) es un nuevo organocatalisador altamente efectivo para la glucólisis del PET.
  • La aromaticidad del PS contribuye a su mayor actividad catalítica.
  • La glicólisis catalizada por PS presenta un método viable y eficiente para el reciclaje de PET, con potencial para una mayor optimización.