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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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La reducción de O2 estimula la generación de átomos añadidos en Cu(111) que catalizan la evolución de hidrógeno

David Raciti1, Zisheng Zhang2,3, Ally Guo1

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

La formación de hidruros superficiales en Cu(111) se ve alterada por el oxígeno, lo que afecta a las reacciones de reducción de oxígeno y evolución de hidrógeno. Los adsorbates acoplados reestructuran dinámicamente la superficie de cobre, creando nuevos sitios activos y afectando la estabilidad del catalizador.

Palabras clave:
hidruros superficialesreestructuración superficialelectrocatálisisevolución de hidrógenoreducción de oxígeno

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Electroquímica de superficies
  • Electrocatalisis
  • Ciencia de materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • El cobre (Cu) es un electrocatalizador clave para diversas reacciones.
  • La comprensión de la dinámica superficial es crucial para el diseño de catalizadores.
  • La espectrometría de masas electroquímica (EC-MS) ofrece información in situ.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la formación acoplada de hidruros superficiales, la reacción de reducción de oxígeno (ORR) y la reacción de evolución de hidrógeno (HER) en Cu(111).
  • Elucidar el papel del oxígeno en la reestructuración de las superficies de Cu(111).
  • Determinar el impacto de la reestructuración superficial en la actividad y estabilidad catalíticas.

Principales métodos:

  • Espectrometría de masas electroquímica (EC-MS) para análisis in situ.
  • Simulaciones de teoría de funcionales de densidad (DFT) y dinámica molecular (MD).
  • Cálculos de energía libre a gran canonical.

Principales resultados:

  • La formación de hidruros superficiales en Cu(111) está influenciada por el ciclado del electrodo y los óxidos residuales.
  • La introducción de oxígeno altera la formación de hidruros y acelera la cinética de la HER.
  • La coadsorción de intermedios de H y ORR impulsa la reestructuración de Cu(111), formando nuevos sitios activos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los adsorbates acoplados reestructuran dinámicamente Cu(111) bajo polarización electroquímica.
  • La reestructuración superficial genera nuevos sitios activos, modulando la cinética de ORR y HER.
  • Los hallazgos tienen implicaciones directas en el rendimiento y la estabilidad de los electrocatalizadores de Cu.