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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
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A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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PUMAA: Establecimiento de un protocolo para utilizar el aprendizaje automático en análisis antropológicos forenses

Eman Faisal1, Tracy L Rogers1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of forensic sciences
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

La antropología forense (AF) utiliza ahora modelos de aprendizaje automático (AA), pero carece de estándares. Este estudio presenta PUMAA, un protocolo con un diagrama de flujo y una lista de verificación para guiar a los profesionales en la creación, uso y evaluación de modelos de AA para la investigación forense.

Palabras clave:
mejores prácticasherramienta de apoyo a la decisiónéticaantropología forenserecomendaciones de aprendizaje automáticoprotocolo de informesestandarizaciónaprendizaje automático supervisado

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Antropología Forense; Aprendizaje Automático; Biología Computacional

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las aplicaciones del aprendizaje automático (AA) están creciendo en la antropología forense (AF).
  • La investigación actual carece de protocolos estandarizados para la curación, utilización y evaluación de modelos de AA.
  • Esta brecha dificulta la aplicación consistente y confiable de AA en análisis forenses.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Presentar PUMAA (Un Protocolo para Utilizar el Aprendizaje Automático en Análisis Antropológicos Forenses).
  • Proporcionar un marco estandarizado para los profesionales forenses que utilizan modelos de AA.
  • Mejorar la accesibilidad y la comprensión de los conceptos de AA en AF.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de PUMAA, incluyendo un diagrama de flujo y una lista de verificación.
  • Explicación de los modelos comunes de aprendizaje automático supervisado en términos accesibles con elementos visuales.
  • Evaluación de cinco factores clave para evaluar el rendimiento del modelo de AA.
  • Discusión de los estándares de informes para siete tipos de modelos de AA.

Principales resultados:

  • PUMAA ofrece un enfoque estructurado para la gestión del ciclo de vida de los modelos de AA en AF.
  • El protocolo detalla los factores esenciales para evaluar el rendimiento de los modelos de AA.
  • Explicaciones accesibles y ayudas visuales simplifican los conceptos complejos de AA para los profesionales.
  • Se evalúan las fortalezas y limitaciones de varios modelos de AA para guiar su selección y aplicación.

Conclusiones:

  • PUMAA establece un estándar inicial para la implementación de AA en antropología forense.
  • El protocolo tiene como objetivo mejorar el rigor y la reproducibilidad de la investigación forense impulsada por AA.
  • La estandarización a través de PUMAA facilitará la toma de decisiones informadas sobre el uso de modelos de AA en AF.