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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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El Papel del Olfato en los Perros: Evolución, Biología y Trabajo Orientado al Humano
Iwona Kowalczyk-Jabłońska1, Paulina Jundziłł-Bogusiewicz1, Tadeusz Kaleta1
1Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
|February 13, 2026
Resumen
El rendimiento del trabajo de olfato canino depende de un perro
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología integradora y etología centrada en el olfato canino.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los perros poseen una sensibilidad olfativa excepcional, utilizada en aplicaciones críticas como la detección médica, la búsqueda y rescate, y la ciencia forense.
- Los factores que influyen en el rendimiento del trabajo de olfato a nivel individual y de raza no se comprenden completamente.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar y sintetizar el conocimiento actual sobre los determinantes del rendimiento del trabajo de olfato canino.
- Integrar la evidencia de la anatomía, fisiología, neurobiología, genética, evolución, domesticación y comportamiento.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de literatura que sintetiza hallazgos de diversas disciplinas científicas.
- Análisis de datos anatómicos, fisiológicos, neurobiológicos, genéticos y conductuales.
- Examen de variaciones específicas de raza e influencias ambientales.
Principales resultados:
- Las complejas estructuras nasales y el flujo de aire mejoran la captura de odorantes; el bulbo olfatorio y las redes cerebrales apoyan el procesamiento y aprendizaje de olores.
- La morfología del cráneo y la cría selectiva impactan la capacidad olfativa; los pasajes nasales acortados pueden reducir el potencial funcional.
- Los rasgos conductuales (motivación, persistencia), la condición física, los factores estresantes ambientales y el microbioma/dieta pueden afectar significativamente el éxito de la detección.
Conclusiones:
- El rendimiento olfativo canino es una compleja interacción del potencial genético-anatómico, factores neuroconductuales e influencias ambientales.
- La selección, el entrenamiento y la gestión del bienestar estandarizados son cruciales para optimizar las capacidades de trabajo de olfato.
- Se necesita más investigación integradora para dilucidar completamente los mecanismos subyacentes a la detección olfativa canina.
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