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Patrones dietéticos saludables, genes de longevidad y esperanza de vida: Un estudio de cohorte prospectivo
Yanling Lv1,2, Jing Song3,4, Ding Ding5,6
1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
Science advances
|February 13, 2026
Resumen
Las dietas saludables como la Dieta de Reducción del Riesgo de Diabetes (DRRD) y la Dieta Mediterránea Alternativa (AMED) se asocian con una mayor esperanza de vida. Adoptar estos patrones alimentarios puede sumar años de vida, independientemente de los factores genéticos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencia de la Nutrición
- Epidemiología
- Salud Pública
Sus antecedentes:
- La relación entre patrones dietéticos saludables específicos y la longevidad no se comprende completamente.
- Investigar el impacto de varios índices dietéticos en la mortalidad y la esperanza de vida es crucial para la orientación de la salud pública.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Examinar las asociaciones prospectivas entre cinco patrones dietéticos distintos y la mortalidad por todas las causas.
- Cuantificar el impacto de la adherencia a estos patrones dietéticos en la esperanza de vida en una cohorte grande.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de datos de 103.649 participantes del Biobanco del Reino Unido con un seguimiento mediano de 10,6 años.
- Evaluación de cinco patrones dietéticos: Índice de Alimentación Saludable Alternativa-2010, Dieta Mediterránea Alternativa (AMED), Índice de Dieta Saludable Basada en Plantas (hPDI), Enfoques Dietéticos para Detener la Hipertensión y Dieta de Reducción del Riesgo de Diabetes (DRRD).
- Análisis estadístico para determinar las asociaciones con la mortalidad y calcular los años de vida ganados, ajustando por la susceptibilidad genética.
Principales resultados:
- Todos los cinco patrones dietéticos evaluados se asociaron con una menor mortalidad por todas las causas y una mayor esperanza de vida.
- La Dieta de Reducción del Riesgo de Diabetes (DRRD) y el Índice de Dieta Saludable Basada en Plantas (hPDI) mostraron las asociaciones más fuertes.
- La adherencia al quintil superior de las puntuaciones dietéticas se correlacionó con 1.5–3.0 años de vida adicionales ganados a los 45 años, con variaciones entre sexos.
Conclusiones:
- Los patrones dietéticos saludables contribuyen significativamente a una mayor esperanza de vida.
- Los beneficios de estas dietas para prolongar la vida persisten incluso cuando se consideran las predisposiciones genéticas para la longevidad.
- Promover la adherencia a dietas como DRRD y AMED puede ser una estrategia valiosa de salud pública para mejorar la longevidad.
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