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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
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Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
36.2K
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.6K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.6K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

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For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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Doble acoplamiento fuerte asistido por aprendizaje profundo entre anapolos de orden múltiple y excitones

Ziqiao Liu, Yang Liao, Yuan Liu

    Optics letters
    |February 13, 2026
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Este estudio demuestra la excitación simultánea de anapolos de primer y segundo orden en un novedoso sistema de nanodiscos apilados. Esto permite un doble acoplamiento fuerte con múltiples excitones, abriendo nuevas vías para las interacciones luz-materia.

    Palabras clave:
    anapoloexcitónacoplamiento fuertenanodiscoaprendizaje profundoóptica cuánticafotonica

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Nanofotónica
    • Óptica Cuántica
    • Ciencia de Materiales

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Los anapolos de alto orden ofrecen energía concentrada y resonancias estrechas, ideales para óptica no lineal y acoplamiento fuerte.
    • El acoplamiento fuerte simultáneo que involucra anapolos de orden múltiple sigue sin explorarse.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Construir teóricamente un sistema híbrido que permita la excitación y el acoplamiento simultáneos de anapolos de orden múltiple con excitones múltiples.
    • Investigar los comportanientos de doble acoplamiento fuerte y cuantificar la división de energía.

    Principales métodos:

    • Se diseñó teóricamente un sistema híbrido apilado de tres capas que comprende nanodiscos de Si, MoSe2 y MoTe2.
    • Se empleó el aprendizaje profundo (DL) para construir la red neuronal para el análisis del sistema.
    • Se analizaron la excitación simultánea de anapolos de primer y segundo orden y su acoplamiento con excitones de materiales.

    Principales resultados:

    • El sistema excitó con éxito anapolos de primer y segundo orden simultáneamente.
    • Se logró un doble acoplamiento fuerte: anapolo de primer orden con excitones de MoTe2 y anapolo de segundo orden con excitones de MoSe2.
    • Se observaron cuatro ramas de energía con una división de Rabi sustancial (100,6 meV y 118,2 meV).

    Conclusiones:

    • El sistema híbrido propuesto facilita de manera efectiva las interacciones luz-materia que involucran anapolos de orden múltiple y excitones múltiples.
    • Este trabajo proporciona una nueva plataforma para explorar fenómenos ópticos cuánticos avanzados.