El papel de la microglia en las lesiones del sistema nervioso central causadas por infecciones patógenas

Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play a crucial role in immune surveillance and tissue repair in the brain. Microglia are involved in processes such as neurogenesis, antigen presentation, synaptic pruning, and phagocytosis. They can be activated by pathogenic infections and various other pathological factors, thereby exerting effects of mediating neuroinflammation or neuroprotection. Meanwhile, when the homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironment is disrupted, microglia can become hyperactivated, leading to multi-dimensional damage and exacerbation of CNS lesions. This article systematically reviews the activation pathways and phenotypic states of microglia, their involvement in CNS injury during pathogen infections, and their roles in the infection-related CNS diseases. It aims to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the involvement of microglia in infectious brain diseases and to identify potential therapeutic targets for CNS damage.