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Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en el envejecimiento cognitivo y el riesgo de mortalidad: un enfoque basado en
Elena Lobo1,2,3, Concepción De la Cámara4,5,6,7, Patricia Gracia-García4,5,6,8
1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral S/N, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. elobo@unizar.es.
GeroScience
|February 14, 2026
Resumen
Las trayectorias de declive cognitivo predicen el riesgo de mortalidad en adultos mayores, con una disminución más pronunciada vinculada a un mayor riesgo tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Sin embargo, los predictores de mortalidad difieren significativamente entre sexos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Gerontología
- Neurociencia
- Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- La relación entre las trayectorias cognitivas y la mortalidad en adultos mayores es un área crítica de investigación.
- Estudios previos no han explorado completamente las diferencias específicas de sexo en esta asociación.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar las diferencias hipotetizadas entre hombres y mujeres en la asociación entre las trayectorias cognitivas y la mortalidad.
- Identificar predictores específicos de sexo de la mortalidad en relación con el declive cognitivo.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron datos del estudio ZARADEMP (N=2403) con un seguimiento de 12 años para adultos españoles cognitivamente sanos mayores de 55 años.
- Se derivaron trayectorias cognitivas utilizando puntuaciones del Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) a través de la modelización de ecuaciones estructurales (GMM).
- Se evaluó el riesgo de mortalidad utilizando modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, ajustando por covariables, y se analizaron los predictores de mortalidad.
Principales resultados:
- Una disminución cognitiva más pronunciada se asoció con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en ambos sexos.
- En hombres, las trayectorias de declive bajo y estable medio mostraron un riesgo de mortalidad un 133% y un 36% mayor, respectivamente, en comparación con estable alto.
- En mujeres, las trayectorias de declive bajo y estable medio mostraron un riesgo un 133% y un 30% mayor, respectivamente; se observó un claro gradiente en mujeres pero no en hombres.
Conclusiones:
- Este estudio revela diferencias significativas entre sexos en la asociación entre las trayectorias de declive cognitivo y la mortalidad.
- Las condiciones médicas predijeron la mortalidad en hombres, mientras que las variables psicosociales y funcionales predijeron la mortalidad en mujeres.
- Pueden ser necesarias estrategias específicas de sexo para mitigar los riesgos de mortalidad asociados con el declive cognitivo.
Palabras clave:
Trayectorias cognitivasMuestra comunitariaRiesgo de muerteDiferencias sexualesEstudio ZARADEMPMás Videos Relacionados
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