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Collar Bearings

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Collar bearings are essential in various machines designed to support axial loads on rotating shafts. Depending on the specific application and requirements, they can be found with single or multiple collars.

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

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[20]Colareno con forma de cinturón y una cavidad rígida pero adaptable para la complexación multimodal de fulerenos

Yifei Zhang^1,2, Ting Liu^1,2, Ke Liu³

¹State Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Control and Safety, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|February 16, 2026

Resumen

El [20]colareno demuestra una química anfitrión-huésped versátil, uniendo eficazmente fulerenos como C60 y C70. Esta complexación supramolecular permite la separación de carga ultrarrápida, allanando el camino para materiales funcionales avanzados.

Palabras clave:

química anfitrión-huésped colarenos fulerenos separación de carga materiales funcionales complejos supramoleculares

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Área de la Ciencia:

Química Supramolecular; Química Orgánica; Ciencia de Materiales

Sus antecedentes:

Los colarenos son contenedores moleculares prometedores debido a su estructura única en forma de cinturón.; La química anfitrión-huésped de los colarenos, particularmente el [20]colareno, está poco explorada.; Los fulerenos son moléculas huésped importantes en la química supramolecular.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar los comportamientos de complexación multimodal del [20]colareno con varios fulerenos.; Caracterizar las afinidades de unión y los aspectos estructurales de los complejos de [20]colareno-fulereno.; Explorar el potencial de estos complejos en aplicaciones como la separación de carga.

Principales métodos:

Espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear de protón (RMN de 1H); Calorimetría de titulación isotérmica (ITC); Espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRMS); Cristalografía de rayos X de cristal único

Principales resultados:

[20]Colareno forma complejos de inclusión con fulerenos C60 y C70 con altas afinidades de unión (Ka de hasta 10^5 M^-1).; Los complejos anfitrión-huésped resultantes exhiben separación de carga ultrarrápida y estados de carga separados estables.; [20]Colareno muestra una cavidad adaptable a la forma, mostrando diferentes modos de complexación (p. ej., encapsulación completa con PC61BM, sinergia con disolvente con DPC61Py).

Conclusiones:

El [20]colareno posee una cavidad rígida pero adaptable adecuada para la complexación anfitrión-huésped diversa.; Este estudio establece sistemáticamente la química anfitrión-huésped del [20]colareno.; Los hallazgos proporcionan una base para el desarrollo de la química supramolecular basada en colareno y materiales funcionales.