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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

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Las fluctuaciones del estradiol durante el ciclo menstrual predicen cambios en el afecto y el funcionamiento

Bethany Sander1, Duncan Preston1, Jennifer L Gordon1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 2Z3, Canada.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

El estradiol (E2) influye en el estado de ánimo y las respuestas al estrés en las mujeres. Niveles más altos de E2 se correlacionan con un mejor estado de ánimo y autoestima, mientras que niveles más bajos pueden aumentar la percepción de la ira y la reactividad al estrés.

Palabras clave:
AfectoReconocimiento de emocionesEstradiolCiclo menstrualEstrés psicosocialSensibilidad al rechazo

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neuroendocrinología
  • Psicología reproductiva
  • Neurociencia afectiva

Sus antecedentes:

  • El estradiol (E2) está implicado en el funcionamiento del estado de ánimo y socioemocional en las mujeres.
  • La investigación previa está limitada por diseños transversales, lo que dificulta las conclusiones sobre los efectos específicos del E2.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los efectos longitudinales del estradiol (E2) en las respuestas psicológicas y fisiológicas.
  • Comparar los resultados durante las fases de bajo E2 (principios del folicular) frente a alto E2 (finales del folicular).

Principales métodos:

  • Estudio longitudinal de 23 mujeres con ciclos naturales.
  • Se evaluó el afecto, la autoestima, la irritabilidad, el reconocimiento de emociones y la reactividad a la exclusión social y al estrés.
  • Se recopilaron datos durante las fases de principios del folicular (bajo E2) y finales del folicular (alto E2).

Principales resultados:

  • El afecto negativo y la irritabilidad fueron mayores en la fase de bajo E2.
  • El afecto positivo y la autoestima fueron mayores en la fase de alto E2.
  • La rumiación después de la exclusión social aumentó en la fase de bajo E2.
  • Los análisis exploratorios mostraron respuestas alteradas del cortisol y la frecuencia cardíaca relacionadas con el estrés.

Conclusiones:

  • La fase de finales del folicular, con alto E2, se asocia con mejores estados afectivos generales.
  • El bajo o decreciente E2 puede aumentar la percepción de la ira, la rumiación y las respuestas fisiológicas al estrés.