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Desentrañando los mecanismos neurocognitivos subyacentes al contracondicionamiento en humanos
Lisa Wirz1,2, Maxime C Houtekamer1, Jette de Vos3
1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
eLife
|February 18, 2026
Resumen
El contracondicionamiento (CC) proporciona una extinción más efectiva de los recuerdos de amenaza que la extinción regular. Este proceso implica una actividad cerebral distinta, que cambia de la corteza prefrontal ventromedial al núcleo accumbens para obtener resultados duraderos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia; Psicología Cognitiva; Investigación de la Memoria
Sus antecedentes:
- El contracondicionamiento (CC) tiene como objetivo mejorar la extinción de la memoria de amenaza formando nuevas asociaciones opuestas.
- Los mecanismos neurocognitivos del CC están poco estudiados y pueden diferir de la extinción estándar.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar los mecanismos neurocognitivos del CC en comparación con la extinción regular.
- Evaluar la eficacia a largo plazo del CC en la reducción del recuerdo de la memoria de amenaza y las respuestas fisiológicas.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizó la resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI) para monitorizar la actividad cerebral durante el CC y la extinción.
- Los participantes se sometieron a un condicionamiento de amenaza, seguido de CC (asociación de recompensa) o extinción.
- Se evaluó la recuperación espontánea de las respuestas de amenaza y la memoria episódica al día siguiente.
Principales resultados:
- El CC indujo una desactivación persistente en la corteza prefrontal ventromedial (vmPFC) y el hipocampo, con activación del núcleo accumbens, a diferencia de la extinción regular.
- La extinción regular mostró activación de la vmPFC, pero las respuestas de amenaza se recuperaron espontáneamente al día siguiente.
- El grupo de CC no mostró recuperación espontánea de las respuestas de amenaza y mejoró la memoria episódica de los estímulos asociados.
Conclusiones:
- El CC ofrece una forma más persistente de extinción de la memoria de amenaza en comparación con la extinción regular.
- El CC implica vías neuronales distintas, cambiando la actividad de la vmPFC hacia el núcleo accumbens.
- El CC también afecta la consolidación de la memoria, fortaleciendo las asociaciones formadas durante la fase de condicionamiento.
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