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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain....
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Complex Immune Response Following Brain Ischemia
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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Complex Immune Response Following Brain Ischemia

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Sinus dural altamente dinámicos apoyan la inmunidad meníngea

Kelly L Monaghan1, Nagela G Zanluqui1, Yijun Su2

  • 1Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.

Nature
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Los senos venosos durales, antes considerados pasivos, son interfaces neuroinmunes dinámicas. Regulan el flujo de fluidos y células inmunes a través de mecanismos dependientes de RAMP1/2, cruciales para la defensa cerebral.

Palabras clave:
inmunidad meníngeasenos venosos duralesneuroinmunologíavigilancia inmunológica cerebraldinámica de células endoteliales sinusoidalesdefensa antiviral

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neuroinmunología
  • Biología Vascular
  • Dinámica del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las meninges del sistema nervioso central contienen una compleja red inmunológica.
  • Los senos venosos durales, parte de la duramadre, se consideran tradicionalmente como drenajes pasivos de la sangre cerebral.
  • Estos senos representan una interfaz neuroinmune crítica.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la naturaleza dinámica de los senos durales y sus células endoteliales.
  • Comprender los mecanismos que regulan el flujo sanguíneo, el movimiento de fluidos y la vigilancia inmunológica en esta interfaz.
  • Elucidar el papel de los senos en la regulación de la presión intracraneal y la defensa antiviral.

Principales métodos:

  • Microscopía intravital en ratones.
  • Análisis de las vías de señalización dependientes de RAMP1 y RAMP2.
  • Evaluación de la dinámica de los límites de las células endoteliales sinusoidales (CCE) y el tráfico de células inmunes.

Principales resultados:

  • Los senos durales exhiben constricción/dilatación dinámica a través de la actividad del músculo liso dependiente de RAMP1.
  • Las CCE especializadas y fenestradas en el seno sagital superior facilitan el intercambio de fluidos y microorganismos.
  • Las CCE regulan dinámicamente los límites intercelulares de manera dependiente de RAMP2, controlando el tráfico de células inmunes.
  • La dinámica alterada de las CCE compromete la inmunidad antiviral y promueve la entrada de patógenos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los senos durales son estructuras venosas activas y dinámicas, no conductos pasivos.
  • La dinámica de las células endoteliales sinusoidales, regulada por RAMP2, es esencial para la vigilancia inmunológica y la protección cerebral.
  • Estos hallazgos revelan un papel novedoso de los senos durales en la regulación de la neuroinflamación y la defensa del huésped.