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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

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Vacunación intranasal en ratones que confiere protección contra diversas amenazas respiratorias

Haibo Zhang¹, Katharine Floyd², Zhuoqing Fang¹

¹Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 19, 2026

Abstract:

Traditional vaccines target specific pathogens, limiting their scope against diverse respiratory threats. We describe an intranasal liposomal formulation combining toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and 7/8 ligands with a model antigen, ovalbumin, that provided broad, durable protection in mice for at least 3 months against infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the vaccine protected mice from other viruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS, SCH014 coronavirus), bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii), and allergens. Protection was mediated by persistent ovalbumin-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory T cells that imprinted alveolar macrophages (AMs), enhancing antigen presentation and antiviral immunity. Following infection, vaccinated mice mounted rapid pathogen-specific T cell and antibody responses and formed ectopic lymphoid structures in the lung. These results reveal a class of "universal vaccines" against diverse respiratory threats.

Palabras clave:

vacuna intranasal inmunidad de células T protección contra virus respiratorios protección contra bacterias respiratorias inmunidad duradera vacuna universal ovoalbúmina ligandos del receptor tipo Toll macrófagos alveolares memoria inmunológica

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