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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Polymerization produces macromolecules with a range of chain lengths due to the random nature of molecular growth processes. As chains form and terminate at different stages, a single polymer sample contains molecules of varying sizes rather than a uniform structure. This variability is described using average molar masses and distribution-related parameters, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer characteristics.The distribution of molar masses plays a critical role in...

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers II

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers II

Polymer samples typically consist of macromolecular chains with a distribution of lengths, resulting in a range of molar masses rather than a single discrete value. Conventional descriptors such as the number-average molar mass and weight-average molar mass quantify this distribution but do not fully capture polymer behavior in solution..The viscosity-average molar mass provides a more realistic description of polymer behavior in solution because it accounts for the enhanced contribution of...

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Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

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Polímeros peinados en soluciones diluidas: enfoque analítico, simulaciones por computadora y experimentos.

Khristine Haydukivska¹, Viktoria Blavatska¹, Daniel Gromadzki²

¹Yukhnovskii Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine.

Physical review. E

|February 20, 2026

Resumen

Estudiamos estructuras poliméricas parecidas a un peine en solución. El aumento de la longitud de la cadena lateral aumenta significativamente el polímero.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Física de los polímeros Física de los polímeros
Física de la materia blanda Física de la materia blanda
Química supramolecular de las moléculas.

Sus antecedentes:

Las topologías de polímero tipo peine exhiben propiedades conformacionales únicas.
Comprender estas propiedades es crucial para diseñar materiales avanzados.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para analizar las propiedades conformacionales universales de los polímeros tipo peine.
Investigar la influencia de los puntos de ramificación, la funcionalidad y el grado de polimerización relativo en el tamaño del polímero.

Principales métodos:

Utilizando un enfoque analítico basado en el modelo de cadena continua y la renormalización del polímero.
Empleando simulaciones de dinámica molecular de grano grueso.
Comparar resultados teóricos y de simulación con datos experimentales.

Principales resultados:

Estimando cuantitativamente el aumento en el tamaño efectivo con el aumento del grado de polimerización relativa.
Demostrar un buen acuerdo cualitativo entre los resultados analíticos, las simulaciones y los datos experimentales.
Analizando el impacto de los puntos de ramificación (n) y la funcionalidad (f) en la conformación del polímero.

Conclusiones:

El estudio proporciona una comprensión completa de las conformaciones poliméricas de tipo peine.
Los resultados son aplicables a los peines de homopolímero monodisperso.
Este trabajo une enfoques teóricos, computacionales y experimentales en la ciencia de los polímeros.