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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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Equilibrio entre rendimiento y sostenibilidad: un método de voltamperometría de pulso diferencial en blanco para

Osama I Abdel Sattar¹, Hamed H M Abuseada¹, Mohamed S Emara¹

¹Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt.

|February 20, 2026

Abstracto

Background:

Simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring of metformin (MEF) and empagliflozin (EMP) in plasma requires sustainable, white analytical chemistry (WAC) methods. Existing techniques suffer from poor greenness, electrode modification complexity, and limited plasma applicability.

Research Design And Methods:

White/green differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method developed using unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Protein precipitation (acetonitrile) from ethically sourced blank human plasma (BUC-IACUCPHA183A/2025). Optimized: phosphate buffer pH 7, 75 mV/s scan rate. Validated per ICH Q2(R1) across linearity, LOD/LOQ, accuracy, precision, specificity (n = 9).

Results:

Linearity: MEF 20-60 μM (r = 0.997), EMP 10-70 μM (r = 0.997). LODs: 4.38 μM (MEF), 4.15 μM (EMP). Plasma recoveries: 99.4 ± 1.5% (MEF), 100.4 ± 1.4% (EMP), n = 5. Whiteness: 97/100 (RGB-12); greenness: 83/100 (MOGABI) - superior to reported methods.

Conclusions:

Validated DPV-GCE enables rapid, sustainable MEF/EMP quantification in plasma without modification/chromatography. Proof-of-concept for routine therapeutic monitoring; clinical translation limited by spiked (not patient) samples.

Palabras clave:

plasma empagliflozina electrodo de carbono vítreo metformina voltamperometría

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