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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

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Un mecanismo de circuito sináptico eléctrico jerárquico para el procesamiento visual paralelo integrador en la retina

Yao Xue¹, Yue Fei², Marcello DiStasio³

¹Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

|February 20, 2026

Abstract:

Parallel visual processing begins with retinal bipolar cells, traditionally regarded as independent chemical synaptic channels. However, the circuit-level synaptic integration of chemical and electrical synapses within this network remains unclear. Using dual patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging in whole-mount retina, we systematically characterized synaptic transmission across 13 mouse and 2 human cone bipolar cell (CBC) types, revealing two distinct modes: a fast, direct chemical pathway and a slower, serial electrical-chemical circuit among both ON and OFF CBCs. In mice, the slow mode generates spatially dispersed glutamate "clouds" that facilitate integration across CBC types. We discovered specific "driver" CBCs that distribute robust, sustained signals through a hierarchical, functionally rectified network, enhancing sensitivity to small, low-contrast stimuli in downstream retinal cells and thalamic neurons in awake mice. Our findings challenge the classical view of independent CBC channels, revealing an integrative, hierarchical electrical-chemical synaptic architecture that enhances visual detection and coding efficiency.

Palabras clave:

células conductoras pinzamiento dual transmisión sináptica por uniones en hendidura nube de glutamato imagen de Ca in vivo en el DLGN procesamiento visual paralelo retina humana postmortem células bipolares de la retina respuestas transitorias y sostenidas a la luz imagen de glutamato de dos fotones

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