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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
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Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Transición de Fase en Estado Estacionario en el Proceso de Contacto Cuántico Unidimensional

Lin Shang1, Shuai Geng1, Xingli Li2

  • 1Dalian University of Technology, School of Physics, 116024 Dalian, China.

Physical review letters
|February 22, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Revelamos la transición de fase discontinua en un modelo de proceso de contacto cuántico 1D, descubriendo la metaestabilidad del sistema. Nuestros hallazgos sobre las fases de estado estacionario pueden ser probados utilizando simuladores cuánticos de átomos de Rydberg.

Palabras clave:
proceso de contacto cuánticotransición de fase discontinuametaestabilidadfases de estado estacionariosimuladores cuánticos de átomos de Rydberg

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física cuántica
  • Mecánica estadística
  • Teoría de la materia condensada

Sus antecedentes:

  • El proceso de contacto cuántico unidimensional es un modelo clave para estudiar la dinámica cuántica fuera del equilibrio.
  • La comprensión de las fases de estado estacionario y las transiciones de fase es crucial para caracterizar sistemas cuánticos complejos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar las fases de estado estacionario y las transiciones de fase del proceso de contacto cuántico unidimensional.
  • Analizar la metaestabilidad del sistema y la naturaleza de su transición de fase.

Principales métodos:

  • Cálculo de la brecha del liouvilliano en el límite termodinámico.
  • Aplicación de aproximaciones de campo medio con una nueva condición de campo efectivo autoconsistente.
  • Expansión de cúmulos enlazados para analizar la susceptibilidad magnética.

Principales resultados:

  • Se descubrió metaestabilidad en el proceso de contacto cuántico unidimensional.
  • Se identificó una transición de fase discontinua caracterizada por una bifurcación de nodo de silla del parámetro de orden.
  • Se extrajo el punto de transición de fase para un sistema de tamaño infinito.
  • Se demostró una disminución monótona en la susceptibilidad magnética en estado estacionario, refutando la divergencia de la longitud de correlación.

Conclusiones:

  • El proceso de contacto cuántico unidimensional exhibe metaestabilidad y transiciones de fase discontinuas.
  • El enfoque de campo medio empleado evita eficazmente la interferencia de estados metaestables.
  • Los resultados proporcionan predicciones comprobables para simuladores cuánticos, en particular aquellos que utilizan átomos de Rydberg.