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Updated: Feb 24, 2026
Modelling Brain Metastasis: Standardized Analysis of Metastatic Colonization and Histological Growth Patterns by Stereotactic Intracortical Injection
Published on: January 16, 2026
Desarrollo de un modelo integrado de estratificación de riesgos para el meduloblastoma metastásico (M2/3) utilizando
Wen-Tao Zhou1,2, Tao Wu3, Yu-Fei Lu4
1Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Background:
Approximately 20% of medulloblastoma (MB) patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and typically exhibit extremely poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate potential prognostic factors affecting the survival of patients with metastatic MB.
Methods:
Patients with initial diagnosis of metastatic MB (M2/3) at Beijing Tiantan Hospital were included. Radiological characteristics were discerned through a retrospective review. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was employed to identify potential prognostic factors.
Results:
This study included 115 patients with M2/3 MB. Group 4 MBs accounted for 59.1% of cases (68/115). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the 5-year EFS and OS rates were 56.1% and 68.7%, respectively. Patients with metastatic Group 3 MB and spinal metastases exhibited dismal outcomes. Postoperative "sandwich" strategy significantly prolonged 5-year EFS and OS rates. Multivariate COX regression models demonstrated that molecular subgrouping, metastatic patterns, and "sandwich" strategy were independent prognostic predictors for both EFS and OS in patients with M2/3 MB.
Conclusion:
Our study provides a novel risk stratification model for metastatic medulloblastoma that could potentially facilitate the development of individualized therapeutic strategies for the very high-risk patient population.
