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Ríos altoandinos en Ecuador como vías críticas para la exposición carcinogénica
Mercy Lucila Ilbay Yupa1, Rachele Piovanelli Tiziano2, Victor García-Mora3
1Water Resources Management Group, Technical University of Cotopaxi, Av. Simón Rodríguez s/n Barrio El Ejido Sector San Felipe, 050104, Latacunga, Ecuador.
The Science of the total environment
|February 24, 2026
Resumen
La contaminación de los ríos andinos representa riesgos para la salud, superando los límites los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo y coliformes fecales. Los niños enfrentan riesgos desproporcionados no carcinogénicos y carcinogénicos por metales pesados como el cadmio, lo que requiere una gestión hídrica específica.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias Ambientales
- Salud Pública
- Ecotoxicología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los ríos andinos enfrentan desafíos críticos de contaminación que impactan la salud humana.
- La evaluación de la calidad del agua es crucial para comprender los riesgos ambientales en regiones de gran altitud.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la calidad del agua en 22 ríos altoandinos en Ecuador.
- Evaluar los riesgos para la salud no carcinogénicos y carcinogénicos considerando la estacionalidad, el uso del agua y los grupos de edad.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de 29 parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos.
- Aplicación del Índice de Calidad del Agua CCME (WQI), el Índice de Contaminación por Metales Pesados (HPI) y el Índice de Evaluación de Metales Pesados (HEI).
- Estimación de los riesgos para la salud humana (Cociente de Peligro, Índice de Peligro, Riesgo de Cáncer) para ingestión y contacto dérmico.
Principales resultados:
- Los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo, coliformes fecales y aluminio superaron los límites en el 100% de los ríos.
- El cadmio, el hierro y la turbidez también mostraron superaciones significativas, particularmente durante la estación seca.
- El riesgo no carcinogénico (Índice de Peligro > 1) afectó al 46% de los ríos, siendo el cadmio un contribuyente importante, afectando desproporcionadamente a los niños.
- El riesgo de cáncer por cadmio superó los umbrales en todos los ríos, especialmente para los niños durante la estación seca.
Conclusiones:
- La calidad del agua en los ríos andinos está comprometida, lo que representa riesgos significativos para la salud, especialmente para los niños.
- Las variaciones estacionales y los contaminantes específicos como el cadmio requieren estrategias de gestión del agua adaptadas.
- Las evaluaciones de riesgos específicas por edad y por uso son vitales para la protección eficaz de la salud pública en entornos fluviales contaminados.
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