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Primeros Auxilios Psicológicos y Capacitación en Respuesta a Desastres: Una Revisión Sistemática

Chelsea Spencer¹, Brooke Keilholtz¹

¹Department of Applied Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.

Journal of evidence-based social work (2019)

|February 25, 2026

Resumen

Las intervenciones de Primeros Auxilios Psicológicos (PAP) se centran en la evaluación rápida, la psicoeducación y el apoyo social. La capacitación efectiva en PAP enfatiza la escucha activa, los enfoques informados sobre el trauma y el autocuidado del respondedor para obtener mejores resultados.

Área de la Ciencia:

Psicología
Estudios sobre Trauma
Intervenciones de Salud Mental

Sus antecedentes:

Los Primeros Auxilios Psicológicos (PAP) son una intervención temprana crítica para las personas que experimentan angustia aguda después de eventos traumáticos.
Su objetivo es reducir el sufrimiento psicológico, mejorar los mecanismos de afrontamiento y facilitar la recuperación.
Esta revisión sintetiza el conocimiento actual sobre las intervenciones de PAP y las metodologías de capacitación.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar y sintetizar sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre intervenciones de Primeros Auxilios Psicológicos (PAP).
Identificar temas clave y mejores prácticas en los programas de capacitación de PAP.
Proporcionar información basada en evidencia para mejorar la prestación y capacitación de PAP.

Principales métodos:

Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura en seis bases de datos electrónicas de artículos revisados por pares publicados entre 2000 y 2025.
Se incluyeron cuarenta y seis estudios según criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos.
Se empleó un análisis temático, siguiendo el proceso de seis pasos de Braun y Clarke (2006), para analizar los estudios seleccionados.

Principales resultados:

Cuatro temas clave surgieron con respecto a las intervenciones de PAP: evaluación rápida y conexión de recursos, psicoeducación y habilidades de afrontamiento, provisión de apoyo social y la necesidad de intervenciones adaptables.
Se identificaron cinco temas para la capacitación de PAP: la importancia de la capacitación previa al desastre y continua, habilidades de escucha activa y reflexiva, educación informada sobre el trauma, apoyo y autocuidado del profesional de la salud mental, y el modelo de capacitación de formadores.

Conclusiones:

Los hallazgos resaltan los componentes esenciales para intervenciones y programas de capacitación efectivos en PAP.
Se discuten las implicaciones para la práctica clínica, el desarrollo profesional y la investigación futura en PAP.
La revisión subraya la necesidad de una capacitación en PAP estandarizada, adaptable y bien respaldada para mejorar la respuesta de salud mental en situaciones de crisis.

Palabras clave:

primeros auxilios psicológicos intervenciones capacitación

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