Madres obesas, niños asmáticos: cómo la obesidad materna perjudica la respiración en la descendencia
Kayla R Williams1, Allison D Fryer1, David B Jacoby1
1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology
|February 25, 2026
Resumen
La obesidad materna aumenta el riesgo de asma en la descendencia. Esta revisión explora mecanismos como el desarrollo pulmonar alterado y la señalización de insulina, destacando las lagunas de investigación para futuras estrategias de mitigación.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud reproductiva
- Medicina respiratoria pediátrica
- Programación del desarrollo
Sus antecedentes:
- La obesidad materna es una preocupación creciente con posibles implicaciones para la salud a largo plazo de la descendencia.
- El asma es una afección respiratoria crónica prevalente en niños, y sus orígenes en el desarrollo se estudian cada vez más.
- Se reconoce el vínculo entre la obesidad materna y el asma en la descendencia, pero se requiere una investigación más profunda de los mecanismos subyacentes.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar y sintetizar la evidencia actual que vincula la obesidad materna con un mayor riesgo de asma en la descendencia.
- Explorar los posibles mecanismos biológicos que median esta asociación.
- Identificar las lagunas de investigación y sugerir direcciones futuras para comprender y prevenir este problema de salud.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática de estudios en humanos y animales.
- Análisis de la evidencia sobre el desarrollo pulmonar fetal, la epigenética, el microbioma y los factores metabólicos.
- Examen centrado en las vías de señalización de la insulina en la hiperreactividad de las vías respiratorias.
Principales resultados:
- La obesidad materna se asocia consistentemente con una mayor incidencia de asma en la descendencia.
- El desarrollo pulmonar fetal alterado, los cambios epigenéticos, la alteración del microbioma y la desregulación metabólica son mecanismos clave propuestos.
- La resistencia a la insulina y la hiperinsulinemia en la descendencia de madres obesas pueden desempeñar un papel crítico en la programación de la hiperreactividad de las vías respiratorias.
Conclusiones:
- La obesidad materna representa un riesgo significativo para el desarrollo de asma en la descendencia.
- Comprender la compleja interacción de los factores de desarrollo y metabólicos es crucial.
- Se necesita más investigación para desarrollar intervenciones efectivas que mitiguen este riesgo.
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