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The human nervous system handles vast amounts of information by translating sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes, creating thoughts expressed through language or stored as memories. The brain also synthesizes information from emotions and memories, which significantly influence thoughts and behaviors. This intricate process creates a comprehensive mental picture.
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Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Storage01:23

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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Comprender el cerebro como una máquina de mentalización con una función de anclaje de símbolos

Takaaki Kaneko1,2, Taihei Ninomiya3,2, Masaki Isoda1,2

  • 1Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan kanekot@nips.ac.jp isodam@nips.ac.jp.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Esta revisión propone mecanismos computacionales para la mentalización, la capacidad de inferir los estados mentales de los demás. El anclaje de símbolos mejora este proceso, mejorando las predicciones de las acciones de los demás.

Palabras clave:
red neuronal artificialmentalizacióncodificación predictivacognición socialanclaje de símbolos

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Ciencia Cognitiva
  • Inteligencia Artificial

Sus antecedentes:

  • La mentalización, la inferencia de los estados mentales ocultos de los demás a partir de información sensorial, es crucial para la cognición social.
  • Los marcos de codificación predictiva explican cómo el cerebro infiere estados ocultos minimizando los errores de predicción.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proponer mecanismos computacionales subyacentes a la mentalización.
  • Revisar los sustratos neurales implicados en estos procesos computacionales.
  • Explorar el papel del anclaje de símbolos en la mejora de la eficiencia y la fiabilidad de la mentalización.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura existente sobre mentalización y codificación predictiva.
  • Propuesta teórica de mecanismos computacionales para la mentalización.
  • Simulación preliminar de un sistema de mentalización artificial con y sin anclaje de símbolos.

Principales resultados:

  • La mentalización puede implicar de forma única la representación de los estados de los demás en un espacio mental subjetivamente experimentable, resolviendo el problema del anclaje de símbolos.
  • El anclaje de símbolos mejora la eficiencia y la fiabilidad de la inferencia de los estados mentales de los demás.
  • El sistema de mentalización artificial simulado con anclaje de símbolos superó a un observador bayesiano puro en la predicción de las acciones de los agentes virtuales.

Conclusiones:

  • El marco computacional de la codificación predictiva, aumentado por el anclaje de símbolos, ofrece un modelo prometedor para comprender la mentalización.
  • La investigación futura que integre redes neuronales artificiales y biológicas puede dilucidar los algoritmos neuronales de la cognición social.