Hacia sensores similares a la piel: geles conductores elásticos para aplicaciones triboeléctricas

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and wearable electronics, there is an increasing demand for skin-like, flexible, and self-powered sensors capable of continuously perceiving mechanical stimuli and human motions. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based sensors incorporating stretchable conductive gels represent a promising approach to meet these requirements by combining soft mechanical compliance with efficient electromechanical signal transduction. However, conventional metallic or composite electrodes often suffer from mechanical mismatch with soft skin-like systems, motivating the exploration of intrinsically soft and stretchable conductive gels. In this review, we present a comprehensive and structured overview with comparative perspectives of stretchable skin-like conductive gel-based triboelectric devices. First, different classes of conductive gels, including hydrogels, organogels, ionogels, and other emerging gel systems, are systematically summarized and compared in terms of their composition, crosslinking strategies, conductivity, and mechanical characteristics. Next, the pivotal role of conductive gels in bridging skin-like sensing functions and triboelectric applications is elucidated, highlighting how their intrinsic softness, stretchability, self-healing capability, and interfacial conformability enable intimate skin contact and reliable electromechanical coupling. The key performance attributes of gel-based skin-like triboelectric sensors, including stretchability, self-healing behavior, optical and thermal tolerance, electrical durability, and environmental stability, are critically discussed with representative examples and comparative analysis. Typical device configurations, such as thin-film, fiber-shaped, and textile-based architectures, are further reviewed to illustrate structure-function relationships and application-oriented design strategies. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future research directions for stretchable conductive gel-based triboelectric systems are outlined, aiming to provide practical guidelines and insights for the rational design of high-performance skin-like triboelectric sensors based on conductive gels.