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DNA Topoisomerases

DNA Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...

The DNA Replication Fork

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork. Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...

The DNA Replication Fork

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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

Replication in Prokaryotes

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Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

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Superenrollamiento de ADN con un extremo libre

Daniela Moretti¹, Giada Forte², Giuseppe Gonnella¹

¹Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, I-70126, Italy. daniela.moretti@uniba.it.

|February 27, 2026

Resumen

Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La aplicación de torsión al ADN abierto induce transiciones de superenrollamiento. El ADN cambia de una fase hinchada a una paquitémica, mostrando una torsión no lineal y una dinámica de enrollamiento localizada, con potencial para validación experimental.

Palabras clave:

ADN superenrollamiento torsión enrollamiento física de polímeros biofísica dinámica de fluidos transiciones de fase

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biofísica
Física de Polímeros
Biología Computacional

Sus antecedentes:

El superenrollamiento del ADN es crucial para las funciones genómicas.
Es esencial comprender la mecánica del ADN bajo torsión.
La dinámica de los extremos de ADN abiertos presenta desafíos únicos.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la dinámica de superenrollamiento en ADN abierto bajo torsión constante.
Analizar los perfiles de torsión y enrollamiento en estado estacionario.
Explorar la transición entre las fases del ADN.

Principales métodos:

Simulaciones de dinámica browniana de grano grueso.
Análisis de teoría de campo medio.
Modelado de polímero de ADN bajo torsión aplicada.

Principales resultados:

Se observó un umbral de torsión crítico para la transición de fase (hinchada a paquitémica).
Se identificaron perfiles de torsión no lineales e inhomogéneos en la fase paquitémica.
Se demostró la acumulación de torsión difusiva y una difusión de enrollamiento insignificante.

Conclusiones:

El superenrollamiento del ADN depende de la torsión, incluso con un extremo libre.
La formación de paquitemos se localiza cerca del punto de aplicación de la torsión.
Los resultados proporcionan un marco para comparaciones con experimentos de molécula única.