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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e
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Editores de bases optimizados por codones permiten una sustitución de bases eficiente en el salmón del Atlántico

Jinhai Wang1, Jiaqi Wang2, Alexandra Florea2

  • 1The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.

Trends in biotechnology
|February 28, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Optimizamos los editores de bases (BEs) para el salmón del Atlántico utilizando codones preferidos para el salmón, mejorando la eficiencia de la edición genética y reduciendo las ediciones no deseadas en este organismo no modelo. Este avance amplía el conjunto de herramientas para la biotecnología del salmón.

Palabras clave:
salmón del AtlánticoCas9acuiculturaedición de basesmodelo de enfermedad

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Genética
  • Biología Molecular
  • Biotecnología Acuícola

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los editores de bases (BEs) son herramientas potentes de edición genética, pero enfrentan desafíos en organismos no modelo debido al sesgo en el uso de codones.
  • Los BE existentes, como ABE8e y CBE4max-SpRY, están optimizados para células de mamíferos, lo que limita su eficacia en otras especies.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Diseñar y validar editores de bases optimizados por codones (ss-ABE8e y ss-CBE4max-SpRY) para mejorar la edición genética en el salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar).
  • Evaluar la eficiencia y especificidad de estos editores optimizados en comparación con sus homólogos derivados de mamíferos.

Principales métodos:

  • Se rediseñaron ABE8e y CBE4max-SpRY utilizando codones preferidos del salmón del Atlántico.
  • Se validó el rendimiento utilizando ensayos de reportero in vitro en células de salmón.
  • Se evaluó la eficiencia de la edición in vivo mediante microinyección en huevos de salmón fertilizados.

Principales resultados:

  • Los BE optimizados por codones (ss-ABE8e, ss-CBE4max-SpRY) demostraron una sustitución de bases eficiente in vitro e in vivo en salmón del Atlántico.
  • Los editores modificados mostraron una mayor eficiencia y menor actividad espectadora en comparación con los BE originales.
  • Los BE codificados por ARNm exhibieron patrones de edición más bajos que los BE codificados por plásmidos, probablemente debido a la estabilidad del ARNm.
  • Se indujo con éxito la pérdida de la función proteica al mutar múltiples loci a codones de parada prematuros.

Conclusiones:

  • La optimización de codones mejora significativamente la eficiencia y especificidad de los editores de bases en el salmón del Atlántico.
  • Los editores de bases específicos para salmón desarrollados (ss-ABE8e, ss-CBE4max-SpRY) proporcionan herramientas valiosas para la edición genética y las aplicaciones biotecnológicas del salmón.