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Underflow Gates

Underflow Gates

Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...

Capillarity in Fluid

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Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

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To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...

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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

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Published on: March 13, 2017

Umbral de percolación para el flujo de fluidos vertical a través de hielo marino granular

Kenneth M Golden¹, Cynthia M Furse², Adam Gully³

¹Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0090, USA. ken.golden@utah.edu.

Scientific reports

|March 1, 2026

Resumen

La permeabilidad del hielo marino, crucial para los ecosistemas polares, difiere entre los tipos de hielo columnar y granular. El hielo marino granular presenta un umbral más alto para el flujo de fluidos, lo que repercute en los modelos climáticos y ecológicos.

Palabras clave:

hielo marino permeabilidad flujo de fluidos umbral de percolación hielo granular hielo columnar microestructura modelos climáticos ecosistemas polares

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Sus antecedentes:

La permeabilidad de fluidos en el hielo marino influye en procesos físicos y biológicos clave, incluida la dinámica de los estanques de deshielo, la formación de hielo sobre nieve y el suministro de nutrientes para las algas.
El hielo marino existe en formas columnares y granulares, cada una con distintas microestructuras y características de flujo de fluidos.
El hielo marino granular, prevalente en la Antártida y cada vez más en el Ártico, posee propiedades únicas que afectan su permeabilidad.

Conclusiones:

La microestructura del hielo marino altera significativamente el umbral de permeabilidad de fluidos.
El hielo marino granular tiene una mayor capacidad de flujo de fluidos que el hielo columnar en porosidades similares.
Los hallazgos exigen la consideración de la microestructura del hielo marino, en particular el hielo granular, en los modelos físicos y ecológicos de los entornos polares.