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Quimioterapia contra el cáncer, ¿qué hemos logrado?
Lancet (London, England)
|June 21, 1980
Resumen
Los resultados de la quimioterapia contra el cáncer se evaluaron en 500 pacientes. Los resultados sugieren que el uso generalizado de la quimioterapia no está justificado fuera de los ensayos clínicos o centros especializados en cáncer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Oncología médica Oncología médica.
- Resultados clínicos Investigación de resultados clínicos.
- Eficacia del tratamiento del cáncer.
Sus antecedentes:
- La evaluación de los resultados de los pacientes se refirió a la unidad de oncología médica de un hospital universitario de enseñanza en 1978.
- Análisis de datos demográficos y de diagnóstico para los primeros 500 pacientes.
- Comparación de la distribución del tipo de cáncer con estadísticas regionales más amplias.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para determinar los resultados de los pacientes referidos a una unidad de oncología médica.
- Para evaluar la efectividad y las complicaciones de la quimioterapia contra el cáncer.
- Para evaluar la rentabilidad del uso de fármacos citotóxicos.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis retrospectivo de 500 pacientes consecutivos observados en 1978.
- Recopilación de datos sobre la demografía de los pacientes, los diagnósticos, los tratamientos recibidos y la supervivencia.
- Comparación de las tasas de supervivencia entre los grupos tratados y no tratados, y los que reciben regímenes específicos de quimioterapia.
Principales resultados:
- La edad media de los pacientes fue de 58 años; el 50% fueron derivados dentro de las 6 semanas posteriores al diagnóstico.
- Los cánceres de pulmón, mama, cabeza y cuello, ovario y testículo estaban sobrerrepresentados; los cánceres gastrointestinales estaban subrepresentados.
- No se recomendó ningún tratamiento para un tercio de los pacientes. De los tratados, 247 recibieron fármacos citotóxicos.
- El 56% de los pacientes tratados y el 52% de los no tratados murieron en agosto de 1979; la mediana de supervivencia fue de 45 semanas (tratados) frente a 35 semanas (no tratados).
- Sólo 17 de 50 pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia "curativa" o "adyuvante" murieron en agosto de 1979.
- Se produjeron complicaciones graves en el 8,8% de los pacientes. Los fármacos citotóxicos cuestan 212.000 dólares australianos (9,3% del presupuesto de las farmacias).
Conclusiones:
- El estudio indica que la amplia aplicación de la quimioterapia contra el cáncer puede no estar justificada fuera de ensayos clínicos rigurosamente diseñados o centros de cáncer dedicados.
- Los hallazgos destacan la necesidad de una cuidadosa selección de pacientes y evaluación de los protocolos de tratamiento en oncología médica.
- El costo y las tasas de complicaciones asociadas con la quimioterapia requieren una evaluación crítica de su papel en el manejo del cáncer.
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