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Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...

RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...

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Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Published on: March 15, 2013

Una transcripción del gen metabólico de Drosophila es procesada alternativamente.

S Henikoff, J S Sloan, J D Kelly

|September 1, 1983

Resumen

Los investigadores estudiaron la enzima de la vía de la purina de Drosophila GAR transformylase. Un nuevo método de mapeo de exones reveló que un solo gen puede producir dos polipéptidos distintos a través del procesamiento alternativo de transcripción, dirigiendo potencialmente el flujo metabólico.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
Genética La genética.

Sus antecedentes:

La vía de la purina es crucial para el metabolismo celular.
La transformilasa GAR es una enzima clave en la biosíntesis de purinas.
La comprensión de la transcripción génica y la expresión de proteínas es vital en organismos modelo como Drosophila.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para determinar la organización y transcripción de un segmento de ADN de Drosophila que codifica la transformilasa GAR.
Investigar los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la producción de la transformilasa GAR y las proteínas relacionadas.
Explorar el potencial para el procesamiento alternativo de transcripción en la regulación de las vías metabólicas.

Principales métodos:

Técnica novedosa de mapeo de exones sin aislamiento de ADNc para transcripciones raras.
Análisis de segmentos de ADN de Drosophila y sus correspondientes transcripciones.
Análisis bioinformático para predecir la estructura y los dominios del polipéptido.

Principales resultados:

Identificó un segmento de ADN que codifica para la transformilasa GAR, una enzima de la vía de la purina.
Descubrió una transcripción rara que codifica un polipéptido largo con GAR transformilasa en el extremo COOH.
Se descubrió que un solo gen, a través de empalme alternativo y una señal de poliadenilación dentro de un intrón, produce dos polipéptidos distintos a partir de diferentes transcripciones.

Conclusiones:

El procesamiento alternativo de una transcripción de un solo gen permite la producción de dos polipéptidos diferentes.
Este mecanismo puede servir para canalizar los intermediarios metabólicos en vías distintas.
Los hallazgos proporcionan información sobre la compleja regulación de la expresión génica y el flujo metabólico en Drosophila.