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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Se generan múltiples ARNm a partir del gen de la lisozima de pollo.

M Grez, H Land, K Giesecke

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    Los investigadores secuenciaron el gen de la lisozima de pollo, revelando que su región no codificante 5' tiene longitudes variables. Este hallazgo tiene un impacto en la comprensión de la regulación génica y la iniciación de la transcripción en pollos.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
    • Genética La genética.
    • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • El gen de la lisozima de pollo es un modelo bien estudiado para la expresión génica.
    • La comprensión de la regulación génica requiere un análisis detallado de las secuencias de ADN flanqueantes y las estructuras de ARNm.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Para determinar la secuencia de ADN de la región 5' flanqueante del gen de la lisozima de pollo.
    • Investigar la heterogeneidad de la región no codificante 5' del ARN mensajero de la lisozima de pollo (ARNm).
    • Identificar los posibles elementos regulatorios involucrados en la iniciación de la transcripción.

    Principales métodos:

    • Secuenciación de ADN de un fragmento Pst 1 que contiene la región 5' flanqueante.
    • Mapeo de la S1-nucleasa para ubicar con precisión los extremos 5' del ARN nuclear y el ARNm.
    • Análisis de secuencias para identificar motivos conservados y comparar con otros genes.

    Principales resultados:

    • Se secuenció la región de flanqueo 5' del gen de la lisozima de pollo.
    • Se encontraron evidencias de longitudes heterogéneas en la región no codificante 5' del ARNm de la lisozima, con mapeo de terminales en los nucleótidos 29, 31 y 53 aguas arriba del codón de iniciación.
    • Se identificaron regiones ricas en AT que se asemejan a los sitios de unión de la ARN polimerasa bacteriana, pero que carecen de la caja TATA canónica, cerca de los sitios de inicio de la transcripción.
    • Se observó una homología limitada al comparar los extremos 5' de los genes de lisozima, conalbumina y ovalbumina.

    Conclusiones:

    • El ARNm de la lisozima de pollo exhibe una heterogeneidad significativa de los extremos 5'.
    • Las secuencias reguladoras identificadas sugieren un mecanismo único para la iniciación de la transcripción en este gen.
    • El análisis comparativo de secuencias proporciona información sobre los elementos reguladores conservados en los genes relacionados.