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The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Integrins01:10

Integrins

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Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
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Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
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RhoC GTPase Activation Assay

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La activación de la integrina por R-ras.

Z Zhang1, K Vuori, H Wang

  • 1La Jolla Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, California 92037, USA.

Cell
|April 5, 1996
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La señalización R-ras activada transforma las células de suspensión en adherentes al mejorar la afinidad de unión a la integrina y el ensamblaje de la matriz de fibronectina. Este estudio revela el R-ras.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología celular Biología celular.
  • Biología molecular La biología molecular.
  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las integrinas son receptores cruciales de la superficie celular que median la adhesión celular.
  • R-ras es una pequeña GTPasa implicada en las vías de señalización celular.
  • La regulación de la actividad de la integrina es vital para los procesos celulares.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar el papel de R-ras en la regulación de la adhesión celular mediada por integrina.
  • Para dilucidar el mecanismo por el cual R-ras influye en la función integrina.

Principales métodos:

  • Transfección de líneas celulares con mutantes R-ras constitutivamente activos y dominantes-negativos.
  • Evaluación de la adhesión celular a los ligandos de la integrina.
  • Medición de la afinidad de unión integrina-ligando.
  • Cuantificación del conjunto de la matriz de fibronectina.

Principales resultados:

  • La expresión R-ras constitutivamente activa indujo una alta adhesión celular en las células de suspensión.
  • Las R-ras activadas aumentaron la afinidad de unión a la integrina y la formación de la matriz de fibronectina.
  • R-ras negativo dominante redujo la adhesividad celular endógena mediada por R-ras.

Conclusiones:

  • R-ras juega un papel clave en la modulación de la actividad de unión de ligandos de integrina.
  • La R-ras activada promueve la adhesión celular a través de una mejor función de la integrina.
  • La R-ras endógena regula la adherencia de la integrina endógena, lo que sugiere un nuevo mecanismo de regulación.