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関連する概念動画

The Placebo Effect

The Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.

Randomized Experiments

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Hazard Ratio

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial evaluating a...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Published on: December 14, 2014

グラベス軌道病の放射線療法:ランダム化プラセボ対照試験

M P Mourits¹, M L van Kempen-Harteveld, M B García

¹Donders Institute of Ophthalmology (Orbital Unit), University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Lancet (London, England)

|May 9, 2000

まとめ

放射線療法は,中度重度のグラベス軌道病,特に運動能力障害のアウトカムを改善したが,プロプトーシスや眼の腫れを有意に軽減することはなかった. しかし,多くの患者にとって,さらなるストラビズム手術は依然として必要でした.

科学分野:

オフタルモロジック (眼科)
エンドクリノロジーエンドクリノロジー
放射線腫瘍学放射線腫瘍学

背景:

グレイブスの軌道の病は,自己限定的な状態で,中程度の重度の場合の最適な治療法は不明です.
現在の治療の選択肢には,ステロイド,放射線治療,または併用療法があります.
この状態に対する外部ビーム照射と偽照射の有効性は,調査が必要です.

研究の目的:

適度重度のグラベス軌道症候群の患者で,外部のビーム照射の効果を偽照射と比較して評価する.
治療結果の評価には,質的および定量的両方の測定法を使用します.

主な方法:

60人の患者で二重盲検のランダム化臨床試験が行われました.
患者は放射線療法 (10 分割で20 Gy) または偽放射線治療を受けた.
24週目には,メジャー/マイナー基準,眼の開口,プロプトーシス,眼球の動き,および臨床活動スコアを用いて評価した.

主要な成果:

定性的なアウトカムは,照射を受けた患者の60%で,偽照射を受けた患者の31%で成功しました (p=0.04).
双眼視と目高の改善は認められたが,プロプトーシスや眼の腫れは認められなかった.
双眼単眼視野は,放射線治療群で改善したが,25%は,まだ偏視手術が必要だった.

さらに関連する動画

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A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers

Published on: January 5, 2024

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Published on: December 14, 2014

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers

Published on: January 5, 2024

結論:

放射線療法は,中度重度のグラベス軌道症候群の特定の側面の改善に有効性を示しました.
放射線療法の主な利点は,運動障害の治療にあるようです.
グラベス軌道病における運動性の問題に対して,その使用は特に考慮されるべきである.