新しい世紀の公衆衛生法: 第2部:公衆衛生の権限と限界
1Georgetown University Law Center, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001, USA. gostin@law.georgetown.edu
JAMA
|June 24, 2000
まとめ
米国憲法は,連邦政府と州政府の両方に公衆衛生に関する権限を付与しています. 連邦の権限には商業規制が含まれているが,州は警察の権限を健康と安全のために利用し,最高裁判所はこれらの権限のバランスをとる.
科学分野:
- 憲法法 憲法法 憲法法とは
- 公衆衛生法 公衆衛生法 公衆衛生法
- 保健政策 保健政策 保健政策
背景:
- 米国憲法は,連邦政府と州政府の間で公衆衛生の権限を定めています.
- 連邦政府の権限には,公衆衛生のための課税,支出,州間商取引の規制が含まれています.
- 国家は,公衆の健康,安全,福祉を保護するための固有の警察権を有しています.
研究 の 目的:
- 米国における公衆衛生権の憲法上の配分を分析する.
- 連邦および州の公衆衛生当局の範囲と限界を検証する.
- 公衆衛生に関する紛争の裁定における最高裁判所の役割を見直す.
主な方法:
- 公衆衛生に関する憲法規定の分析.
- 連邦と州の権限に関する最高裁判所の決定の審査.
- 政府の権威と個人の権利のバランスの検討.
主要な成果:
- 連邦政府は,広範囲の公衆衛生規制のために,商業,税金,支出権を使用しています.
- 国家は,疾病予防や環境保護を含む,さまざまな公衆衛生対策のための警察権を行使する.
- レーンクイスト裁判所は,地方の公衆衛生問題における国家の優位性をますます強調してきた.
結論:
- 憲法は,公衆衛生に関する責任の共有のための枠組みを提供する.
- 司法審査は,公衆衛生のニーズと個人の自由のバランスをとり,一般に,合理的に行動する機関に委ねます.
- 効果的な公衆衛生には,連邦,州,司法権の相互作用を理解する必要があります.
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