アポプトーシスの生化学
1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA. hengartn@cshl.org
Nature
|October 26, 2000
まとめ
アポトーシス,またはプログラム細胞死は,多数の遺伝子によって調節される複雑なプロセスです. このレビューは,この不可欠な細胞の自己破壊メカニズムのコアコンポーネント,相互作用,および活性化経路を詳細に説明します.
科学分野:
- 細胞生物学 細胞生物学
- 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
- 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
背景:
- アポトーシスは,発達と組織ホメオスタシスに不可欠な,厳格に規制された細胞プロセスです.
- アポプトーシスを受けるという決定は,遺伝的要因の複雑な相互作用によって影響を受けます.
- アポプトーシスの適切な実行には,複数の細胞サブプログラムの調整された活性化が必要です.
研究 の 目的:
- アポトーシスに関与する細胞機械の基本的な構成要素をレビューする.
- 協調した方法でアポトーシスを調節する相互作用を記述する.
- プログラムされた細胞死を開始する主な経路について議論する.
主な方法:
- アポトーシスに関する既存の研究の文献レビュー.
- 細胞死を制御する遺伝的および分子的メカニズムの分析.
- アポプトシス経路と調節に関する情報の合成.
主要な成果:
- アポプトシス過程における主要な分子プレーヤーの特定.
- 異なるアポプトティックサブプログラム間の連携した相互作用の解明.
- アポトーシスにつながる主要なシグナル伝達経路の概要.
結論:
- アポトーシスは複雑な分子相互作用を含む複雑で遺伝的に調節されたプロセスです.
- これらの経路を理解することは,細胞の運命を理解し,治療戦略を開発するために不可欠です.
- このレビューは,プログラム細胞死の仕組みと規制の包括的な概要を提供します.
関連する概念動画
01:30Overview of Cell Death
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
01:30Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
01:24Caspases
Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
01:17The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
01:31The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
01:22Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy
Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...