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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: May 11, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

神経系におけるアポトーシス

J Yuan1, B A Yankner

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. junying_yuan@hms.harvard.edu

Nature
|October 26, 2000
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

ニューロンのアポトーシスは,脳の発達と神経変性疾患の鍵です. Apaf-1やBcl-2を含むような分子経路を理解することで,アルツハイマー病などの疾患の治療対象となる.

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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
07:42

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Published on: June 29, 2011

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
10:36

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Published on: November 7, 2017

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
07:42

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Published on: June 29, 2011

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
10:36

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Published on: November 7, 2017

科学分野:

  • 神経科学は神経科学である.
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学

背景:

  • ニューロンのアポトーシス (プログラムされた細胞死) は,脳の発達に不可欠です.
  • それは神経変性疾患の病原性において重要な役割を果たします.
  • 重要な分子要素には,Apaf-1 (アポプトティック・プロテアゼ活性化因子1),Bcl-2ファミリータンパク質,カスパゼが含まれています.

研究 の 目的:

  • ニューロンのアポトーシスの分子メカニズムを解明する.
  • ニューロントロフィンと関連する信号伝達経路がニューロン細胞死を調節する役割を探求する.
  • 細胞死機構を理解することによって,神経変性疾患の潜在的な治療標的を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 神経細胞におけるアポトーシスの分子成分を分析する.
  • フォスホイノシチド3キナーゼ/アクトおよびミトゲン活性化タンパク質キナーゼ経路を含むタンパク質キナーゼカスケードの調査.
  • アルツハイマー病などの神経変性疾患の文脈における細胞死シグナル伝達経路の検討.

主要な成果:

  • Apaf-1,Bcl-2ファミリータンパク質,およびカスパスをニューロンアポトーシスの主要な分子成分として特定しました.
  • ニューロトロフィンが,フォスホイノシチド3キナーゼ/Aktとミトゲン活性化タンパク質キナーゼ経路を通じてニューロンアポトシスを調節することを実証した.
  • 神経退行性疾患における異常なタンパク質構造 (例えば,アミロイド線維) によって同様の細胞死経路の活性化の可能性を強調した.

結論:

  • ニューロンアポトーシスは,特定の分子成分とシグナル伝達経路を含む複雑なプロセスです.
  • これらの経路を理解することで,正常な脳の発達と疾患状態の両方についての洞察が得られます.
  • ニューロン細胞死メカニズムの解明は,神経変性疾患における治療的介入の有望な経路を提供します.