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関連する概念動画

The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development
09:25

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Published on: March 24, 2011

大型のセロポッド恐竜の頭蓋骨の設計と機能

E J Rayfield1, D B Norman, C C Horner

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK. eray@esc.cam.ac.uk

Nature
|March 10, 2001
PubMed
まとめ

有限要素解析 (FEA) により,Allosaurus fragilisの頭蓋骨は強度が高く,噛む力は弱かったことが明らかになった. これは,この大型肉食恐竜の独特の食生活を示唆している.

科学分野:

  • パレオントロジー・パレオントロジー
  • バイオメカニクス バイオメカニクス
  • エンジニアリング エンジニアリング

背景:

  • 有限要素分析 (FEA) は,構造が外部力にどのように反応するかを予測するために使用される計算方法である.
  • FEAは,工学やヒトの生体力学において広く適用されているが,動物の生体力学設計においてはあまり適用されない.
  • FEAの正確な3Dモデルは,コンピュータトモグラフィー (CT) スキャンのような非侵襲的なイメージング技術から生成できます.

研究 の 目的:

  • 大型の肉食性のセロポッド恐竜であるAllosaurus fragilisの頭蓋骨にFEAを適用する.
  • 絶滅した生物の頭蓋骨のこれまでで最も詳細なFEAモデルを作成するために.
  • 頭蓋骨の形状と機能に関する仮説を定量的にテストするために.

主な方法:

  • CTスキャンデータを用いて,アロサウルス・フレジリスの頭蓋骨の幾何学的に完全で複雑な3D有限要素モデルを作成しました.
  • 様々な負荷条件下で頭蓋骨のストレスとストレスをシミュレートするためにFEAを適用しました.
  • 頭蓋骨の力学特性を分析し,頭蓋骨の強さや噛みしみの力を調べました.

主要な成果:

  • アロサウルスの頭蓋骨は,異常に高い頭蓋骨の強度を示した.

さらに関連する動画

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Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

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Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development
09:25

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Published on: March 24, 2011

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
09:38

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

Published on: May 31, 2014

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
04:10

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  • 筋肉による噛む力は比較的弱いことが判明しました.
  • 頭蓋骨の建築は"光"と"オープン"として特徴付けられました.

    • 結論:

    • 高い頭蓋骨の強さ,弱い噛む力,そして開いた頭蓋骨の構造の組み合わせは,Allosaurus fragilisの特殊な食生活を示唆している.
    • FEAは,化石化した構造物の機械的振る舞いを定量的に分析するための,これまで利用できなかった強力な方法を提供します.
    • この研究は,絶滅した動物の機能を理解するために,古生物学におけるFEAの可能性を強調しています.