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Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
Latitudes and Departures01:27

Latitudes and Departures

Latitudes and departures are essential concepts in surveying, providing a systematic way to analyze the projections of traverse lines. These projections allow surveyors to interpret a line's north-south and east-west components, which are crucial for precisely calculating areas, bearings, and lengths. Latitude is the north-south projection of a line, calculated as the product of the line's length and the cosine of its bearing. Departure, conversely, is the east-west projection obtained by...
The Distance Formula01:20

The Distance Formula

In geometry, measuring the direct distance between two points on a plane is essential in various practical and theoretical applications. Whether in navigation, engineering, or computer graphics, determining the shortest path between two locations involves using the distance formula. This formula is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem, which relates the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. On a coordinate plane, the horizontal and vertical distances between two points serve as the legs of...

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Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
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Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

地平線の下の角偏差によって決定される距離.

T L Ooi1, B Wu, Z J He

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA. tlooi@sco.edu

Nature
|November 9, 2001
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

私たちの視覚システムは,距離を判断するために,地平線の下のオブジェクトの角度を使用します. プリズマを通して見ると,この角度が変化し,知覚される距離の誤判につながり,視覚的な手がかりが空間感覚にどのように影響するかを示しています.

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Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching
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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
15:04

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery
05:12

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06:26

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

Published on: January 12, 2024

科学分野:

  • 視覚的知覚 視覚的知覚
  • エコロジカル心理学 エコロジカル心理学
  • 人間の空間認識は,

背景:

  • 生物学的なシステムは,効率性を高めるために環境の規則性を活用します.
  • 人間の空間感覚は,地表の規則性に依存しています.
  • 視野の構造は,脚から地平線まで,距離の推定のための基礎を形成します.

研究 の 目的:

  • 視覚系が距離判断のために地平線の下の角的偏移を使用するという仮説を検証する.
  • 感知された距離に対する角的傾斜の変化の影響を調査する.
  • プリズマ適応後の距離過大評価の背後にあるメカニズムを探求する.

主な方法:

  • 遠隔判断を評価するために使用される視覚的に指向されたアクションタスク.
  • 双眼鏡でベースアッププリズマを通して眺めることで,角の傾斜を操作します.
  • プリズマ適応パラダイムで,遠隔知覚の後の効果を研究する.

主要な成果:

  • 角差の増加 (ベースアッププリズムを通して見る) は,距離の過小評価につながった.
  • ベースアッププリズマへの適応の後,プリズマを外した際に距離の過大評価が発生しました.
  • 距離の過大評価は,目線が低いと認識され,物体の角偏差が減少したことに起因した.

結論:

  • 地平線の下の角傾きは,視覚的な距離判断のための重要なヒントです.
  • 視覚システムの改変した視覚入力への再調整 (プリズム適応) は,空間知覚に重大な後効果をもたらす可能性があります.
  • 感知される目のレベルは,距離推定のための角偏差の解釈を調節する上で重要な役割を果たします.