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Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...
C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview01:10

C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.
Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism01:08

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism

Regular Claisen condensation involves the synthesis of β-ketoesters by combining identical ester molecules bearing two α hydrogens in the presence of an alkoxide base. The reaction commences with the deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen by the base to form a resonance stabilized ester enolate. This nucleophilic ion then attacks the carbonyl center of another ester molecule to generate a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. Next, the expulsion of the alkoxide group from the intermediate restores...
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.

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A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
20:28

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

Published on: October 2, 2012

ポリケチド合成酵素によるC-O結合形成

Hyung-Jin Kwon1, Wyatt C Smith, A Janelle Scharon

  • 1Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 24, 2002
PubMed
まとめ

ポリケチド合成酵素 (PKSs) は通常,炭素-炭素結合を形成する. しかし,PKS β-ケトアシル合成酵素 (KS) の2つの特定のドメインであるNonJとNonKが,炭素-酸素結合を形成し,新しいPKS工学を可能にすることが判明しました.

科学分野:

  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • 合成生物学 合成生物学とは

背景:

  • ポリケチド合成酵素 (PKSs) は,連続的凝縮反応によってポリケチド分子を作製する重要な酵素である.
  • ベータ-ケトアシル合成酵素 (Beta-ketoacyl synthase,KS) ドメインは,PKSアセンブリにおけるC-C結合形成ステップを担う触媒核である.
  • KSドメインのメカニズムを理解することは,新しい化合物の合成のためにPKSを設計する鍵です.

研究 の 目的:

  • ノナクチン生物合成経路から高同質の2つのKSドメイン,NonJとNonKの触媒機構を調査する.
  • NonJとNonKが正規のC-C結合形成または代替的触媒活性を示すかどうかを判断する.
  • PKSエンジニアリングとポリケチド多様性の拡大のためのこれらのKSドメインの潜在能力を探求する.

主な方法:

  • Streptomyces griseusのノンアクチン生物合成遺伝子クラスターの遺伝的特徴.
  • 非Jおよび非K KSドメインの活動を分析するための生化学的分析.
  • 既知のKSドメインとのNonJとNonKの比較分析.

主要な成果:

  • NonJとNonK KSドメインが特定され,Streptomyces griseus.から特徴づけられました.

さらに関連する動画

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
08:34

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
20:28

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

Published on: October 2, 2012

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
08:34

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

  • これらのKSドメインは,典型的なC−C結合形成から逸脱するC−O結合を形成することによって,アシル共酵素A (CoA) 基板の凝縮を触媒化する.
  • 特定されたKSドメインは,既知のKSと高いホモロジーを示しており,KSファミリー内の触媒機能の相違を示唆しています.

    • 結論:

    • NonJとNonKの発見は,PKS KSドメイン内の新しい触媒的活動を明らかにし,C-C結合ではなくC-O結合を形成します.
    • このユニークな化学反応は,PKSエンジニアリングの新たな可能性を提供します.
    • このC-O結合形成能力を活用することで,ポリケチド生物合成の範囲と多様性を大幅に拡大し,新しい化合物を生み出すことができます.