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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
19.1K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.8K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.8K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.9K
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

108
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
108
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

229
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
229
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

132
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
132

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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

12.1K

不規則な固体溶液の局所構造と相変化の関係

Ilya Grinberg1, Valentino R Cooper, Andrew M Rappe

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.

Nature
|November 1, 2002
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

鉛ジルコナートチタナート (PZT) のジルコニウム (Zr) とチタン (Ti) カチオンの局所的配置は,その構造的歪みを予測します. この発見は,PZTの相移行をシミュレートし,その複雑な相図を理解するのに役立ちます.

さらに関連する動画

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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科学分野:

  • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学
  • 固体物理 固体物理学
  • コンピューティング・マテリアル・サイエンス・サイエンス

背景:

  • 鉛ジルコナートチタナート (PZT) は,ピエゾ電気アプリケーションに不可欠な優れた電気機械的性質を持つ無秩序な固体溶液です.
  • PZTは,環境圧で6つの異なる構造相を示し,それぞれにユニークな格子パラメータと電気極化が特徴です.
  • PZTの複雑な相図と局所構造の顕微鏡的起源を理解することは,重要な科学的関心事である.

研究 の 目的:

  • PZTにおける構造的歪みと相変遷の顕微鏡的起源を調査する.
  • PZTの局所構造の予測モデルを,カチオン配列に基づいて確立する.
  • Zr/Ti組成とPZT相行動の関係を解明する.

主な方法:

  • 密度関数理論 (DFT) の計算は,カチオン配列を分析し,構造的歪みを予測するために使用されました.
  • DFTから派生した化学規則は,PZT構造をシミュレートするための現象学的モデルを開発するために使用されました.
  • このモデルは,Zr/Ti組成がローカルなPb原子環境と相変化に与える影響を調査するために使用されました.

主要な成果:

  • ZrとTiイチオンの局所的な配置は,その親ペロブスキート構造からPZTの歪みを正確に予測します.
  • DFTから派生した化学規則に基づく現象学的モデルは,PZTの構造をうまくシミュレートします.
  • Zr/Ti組成の変化は,様々な局所的なPb原子環境の個体群を変化させることで相変遷を誘発することが示された.

結論:

  • 局所的なカチオン配列は,PZTの構造的段階と性質の重要な決定因子です.
  • 開発された現象学的モデルは,PZTの行動をシミュレーションし理解するための貴重なツールを提供します.
  • この研究は,ピエゾ電気アプリケーションの最適化に関連するPZTの複雑な相図に関する基本的な洞察を提供します.