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What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

Overview
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

宇宙線,雲,そして気候

K S Carslaw1, R G Harrison, J Kirkby

  • 1Institute for Atmospheric Science, School of the Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 3, 2002
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

銀河系宇宙線は,地球の雲の覆いや気候に影響を与える可能性があります. 研究者は,宇宙線の強度と曇りの間の観測された相関を調査し,潜在的な物理的メカニズムと代替説明を探求しています.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

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06:14

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科学分野:

  • 大気物理学 大気物理学
  • 気候科学 気候科学
  • 天体物理学 天体物理学

背景:

  • 銀河宇宙線 (GCR) の強度と地球の曇り間との間には,提案されたリンクが存在する.
  • GCRと雲の覆いとの間の観測された相関は,太陽のサイクルで報告されています.
  • この観測の信頼性と,潜在的な混同要因は議論されている.

研究 の 目的:

  • GCRが雲の形成と地球の気候に影響を与えるという仮説を検証する.
  • 潜在的にGCRとクラウドの性質を結びつける物理的メカニズムを調査する.
  • GCR-クラウドの相互作用が,小さな太陽光出力の変化を,より大きな気候の変動に増幅できるかどうかを評価する.

主な方法:

  • GCRの強度と雲の覆いとを相関させる観測データの分析.
  • GCR-クラウドの相互作用のための提案された物理的メカニズムのレビューと理論的検討.
  • 観測された相関に関する火山活動やエルニーニョなどの代替説明の評価.

主要な成果:

  • 観測された宇宙線の強度と太陽のサイクルにおける平均雲の覆いとの間には,相関関係があることが指摘されています.
  • 観測データの信頼性については懐疑論がある.
  • 他の地質物理現象や気候パターン (例えばエルニーニョ) は,相関の潜在的な原因として提案されています.

結論:

  • 観測されたGCRと曇りの間の相関は,気候調節のための興味深い可能性を提示しています.
  • 提案された物理的メカニズムは,GCR-クラウドの相互作用仮説を検証するためにさらなる調査を必要とします.
  • この発見は,太陽のわずかな変動が地球の気候にどのように影響するかについての洞察を提供できるが,さらなる研究が必要である.