関連する概念動画
01:29Covalent Bonds
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom’s electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.A Covalent...
03:21The Energies of Atomic Orbitals
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
03:07Electron Affinity
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
02:28Intermolecular Forces in Solutions
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
02:28Electrophiles
This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
01:08Covalent Bonds
Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
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Updated: Jul 20, 2026
10:32
On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids
Published on: March 2, 2012
閉じた殻の分子はセシウムよりも容易にイオン化します.
F Albert Cotton1, Nadine E Gruhn, Jiande Gu
1Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding, Texas A&M University, Post Office Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. cotton@tamu.edu
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 10, 2002
まとめ
研究者らは,異常に低い電離エネルギーを持つ新しい二金属複合体を発見し,セシウムさえも超えた. これらの新しい分子,M2 (hpp) 4は,化学結合と電子の行動に関する画期的な洞察を提供します.
科学分野:
- 無機化学 無機化学とは
- 物理化学 物理化学
- 量子化学とは,量子化学である.
背景:
- ニュートラルな原子や分子のイオン化エネルギーは,その電子構造に関連する基本的な性質です.
- セシウムは,すべての既知の元素の中で最も低い電離エネルギーを持つという記録を保持しています.
- セシウムより低いイオン化エネルギーを持つ種を発見することは,重要な科学的課題です.
研究 の 目的:
- 異常に低いイオン化エンタルピーを持つ新種の二金属複合体について報告する.
- これらの低イオン化エネルギーに起因する電子構造と結合特性を調査する.
- これらの複合体のイオン化特性を,既知の元素や分子と比較する.
主な方法:
- M2 (hpp) 4複合体 (M=Cr,Mo,W) の合成と構造的特徴付けについて
- イオン化のエネルギーを決定するためのガス相スペクトル学的特徴付け.
- 電子構造と結合をモデル化するための理論的計算.
主要な成果:
- 非常に低いイオン化エンタルピーを示す新しいクラスである二金属複合体M2 (hpp) 4が合成されました.
- 1つの複合体は,ガス相イオン化エネルギー3.51 eVを示し,セシウムと他のすべての報告された閉殻分子よりも低い.
- イオン化は,四重金属-金属結合内のデルタ結合軌道から電子の除去を含み,hppリガンドの強い影響を受けます.
結論:
- 発見された二金属複合体は,低イオン化エネルギー種における新たな境界線を表しています.
- 独特の電子構成,特にhppリンガンドとのデルタ結合軌道相互作用は,著しく低いイオン化エネルギーを決定する.
- これらの発見は,電子特性を合わせた新しい材料を探索するための道を開きます.