侵入植物が真菌やウイルスの病原体から解放される
Charles E Mitchell1, Alison G Power
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. cem46@cornell.edu
Nature
|February 7, 2003
まとめ
侵入性植物は自然敵が少ないために害を及ぼし,敵の放出仮説を支持する. しかし,新しい領域でより多くの病原体を蓄積するものは,侵襲性が少なく,生物学的耐性をサポートします.
科学分野:
- エコロジー エコロジー エコロジー
- 植物病理学 植物病理学
- 侵入種 生物学 侵入種 生物学
背景:
- 侵入植物の種は,本土の生物多様性に重大な脅威をもたらし,経済的コストを負う.
- 自然化した植物種のうち,問題のある害虫になるのはごくわずかな部分のみであり,その影響を及ぼす要因を理解することが必要である.
研究 の 目的:
- 敵の放出仮説と生物学的耐性仮説を定量的に支持し,侵入植物の影響の違いを説明する.
- 侵入植物種の生態学的成功と影響における病原体 (ウイルスと真菌) の役割を調査する.
主な方法:
- 米国で自然化した473種のヨーロッパ植物の病原体負荷 (ウイルス,生,スムート,粉状真菌) を調査し,ネイティブと自然化した範囲を比較した.
- 各種の植物に感染する真菌およびウイルス種の数を定量化し,原生および自然化した範囲の両方で確認した.
- 病原体の放出と蓄積は,農業および自然生態系における侵入植物種の報告された有害性と相関しています.
主要な成果:
- 植物が自然化した範囲で感染するキノコの種が平均で84%少なく,ウイルスの種が本来の範囲と比較して24%少なくなります.
- 病原体からの放出が大きい侵入性植物は,より頻繁に有害な侵略者として報告されました.
- 自然化した範囲でより多くの病原体を蓄積した有害な農業雑草は,有害であるとして報告されることが少なくなりました.
結論:
- 結果は,敵の放出仮説を強く支持し,病原体負荷の減少が侵入の成功に寄与することを示しています.
- 生物学的耐性仮説は,自然化した範囲での病原体蓄積の増加が侵襲性の減少と相関しているため,証拠が支持しています.
- 侵入植物の影響は,敵の放出と病原体の蓄積という二重のプロセスによって影響を受けます.
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