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関連する概念動画

Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called ions.
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

グループ14の元素のノルボニルカチオンは,

Thomas Müller1, Christian Bauch, Markus Ostermeier

  • 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany. dr.thomas.mueller@chemie.uni-frankfurt.de

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 20, 2003
PubMed
まとめ

グループ14の元素 (シリコンから鉛) の新しいノルボニルカチオンが合成され,特徴づけられました. これらのカチオンは分子内相互作用を示し,安定性はグループ全体で低下し,元素の結合と反応性に関する洞察を提供します.

科学分野:

  • 有機金属化学 有機金属化学
  • カーボケーション化学 カーボケーション化学
  • スペクトル顕微鏡検査です.

背景:

  • ノルボニルカチオンは,有機反応における重要な中間物質である.
  • グループ14の元素の電子特性を理解することは,新しい材料や触媒の開発に不可欠です.
  • 以前の研究では,シリコンとゲルマニウムノルボニルカチオンが調査されましたが,より重い元素は調査されていないままです.

研究 の 目的:

  • グループ14の元素 (Si,Ge,Sn,Pb) の新しいノルボニルカチオンを合成し,特徴づけること.
  • 陽性電荷の元素と遠隔二重結合の間の分子内相互作用を調査する.
  • 異なる溶媒環境におけるこれらのカチオンの安定性と反応性を調査する.

主な方法:

  • 代用された3サイクロペンテネメチル前駆体合成.
  • C=C二重結合 (pi経路) に一時性カチオンを分子内添加する.
  • 核磁共振 (NMR) スペクトロスコーピーを用いた識別と特徴付け ((29) Si, (13) C, (119) Sn, (207) Pb).
  • 構造的,エネルギー的,磁性特性の分析のための量子力学計算 (DFT,GIAO/B3LYP).
  • 鉛複合体の構造的決定のためのX線結晶学.

さらに関連する動画

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

主要な成果:

  • Si,Ge,Sn,Pb (4a,e-i) のノルボニルカチオンを成功して合成し,特定しました.
  • NMRデータと結合定数は,分子内相互作用と電荷移転の証拠を提供します.
  • 計算により,元素原子の3+1の座標を持つ橋渡されたノルボニルカチオン構造が確認されました.
  • 安定性はSiからPbに増加し,プルバンボルニルカチオンは著しい安定性を示しています.
  • アセトニトリル溶媒は,Si-Snカチオンに対する分子内相互作用を分解するが,Pbカチオン (10i) と安定した複合体を形成する.

結論:

  • グループ14のノルボニルカチオンは,パイ経路で効果的に合成できます.
  • 元素と二重結合の間の分子内相互作用は有意であり,元素に依存しています.
  • 熱力学的な安定性は,グループを下に増加し,分子内安定化エネルギーは減少します.
  • アセトニトリルなどの核愛素に対する反応性は大きく変化し,鉛は独特の複合化行動を示す.