関連する実験動画
Updated: Jul 18, 2026

11:00
Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides
Published on: June 24, 2013
メタノールに対するキノコ酸の酸性強化の起源:共鳴効果と誘導効果の対比
1Department of Chemistry, Elon University, 2625 Campus Box, Elon, NC 27244, USA.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 27, 2003
まとめ
インダクティブ効果はメタノールよりもキノコ酸の酸度を大幅に高め,62-65%を占める. 共鳴効果は,残りの35~38%を占め,分子酸性における電子因子の相互作用を強調する.
科学分野:
- コンピューティング・ケミストリー
- 量子化学とは,量子化学である.
- 有機化学 オーガニック・ケミストリー
背景:
- 酸度には,共振や誘導などの電子効果が影響する.
- これらの効果を理解することは,分子特性を予測するために極めて重要です.
- 甲酸は,メタノールよりもガス相の酸度がかなり高い.
研究 の 目的:
- キノコ酸の強化されたガス相酸性に対する共振と誘導効果の貢献を定量化するために.
- これらの貢献を,ビニールアルコールのシステムにおける貢献と比較する.
- カーボキシル酸および関連する化合物の酸性を支配する電子的要因を解明する.
主な方法:
- B3LYP/6-31+Gレベルの理論を用いた密度関数理論 (DFT) の計算.
- 甲酸,メタノール,ビニールアルコール,およびそれらのビニログのガス相酸度 (デルタH度 (酸)) の計算.
- 平面と垂直の形状の計算された酸度を比較することによって,電子効果の分析.
主要な成果:
- 誘導効果はメタノールよりもホルム酸の酸性増加の62~65%を占める.
- 共鳴効果は,この酸性の増加に35~38%の貢献をします.
- メタノールと比較してビニールアルコールの酸性強化の58%~65%は共鳴効果で,残りの部分は誘導効果によるものです.
結論:
- インダクティブ効果は,メタノールと比較して甲酸のガス相酸性の増加の主な要因です.
- 誘導効果と共鳴効果の両方が,ビニールアルコールおよびその誘導体の酸性において重要な役割を果たします.
- DFT計算は,分子酸性の電子的起源に関する貴重な洞察を提供します.
関連する概念動画
Molecular Structure and Acidity
An acid can be deprotonated to form a conjugate base or an anion. If the produced anion is more stable, then the acid is stronger. On the contrary, if the anion is unstable, then the acid is weaker. Hence, to determine the acidity of the compound, the stability of its conjugate base is studied using various factors.
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions
This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acids are the strongest among organic acids, as they readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion. In comparison, the acid derivatives lack acidic hydrogens directly attached to a functional group. In these compounds, the acidic nature arises from their ability to lose α hydrogens, making them weakly acidic.
The relative acidic strength of the derivatives can be explained based on the extent of resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. The...
The relative acidic strength of the derivatives can be explained based on the extent of resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. The...
Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives such as acid halides, anhydrides, esters, and amides undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions with varying degrees of reactivity.
A key factor in assessing the reactivity of the acid derivatives is the basicity of the substituent or the leaving group. The lower the basicity of the leaving group, the higher the reactivity of the derivative. The basicity of the leaving group follows this order:
Halide ions < Acyloxy ions < Alkoxy ions < Amine ions
A key factor in assessing the reactivity of the acid derivatives is the basicity of the substituent or the leaving group. The lower the basicity of the leaving group, the higher the reactivity of the derivative. The basicity of the leaving group follows this order:
Halide ions < Acyloxy ions < Alkoxy ions < Amine ions
Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the stability of the carboxylate anion—the conjugate base formed by dissociating the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Leveling Effect
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the solvent...

