制裁が人間の利他主義に与える有害な影響
Ernst Fehr1, Bettina Rockenbach
1University of Zürich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Blümlisalpstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland. efehr@iew.unizh.ch
Nature
|March 14, 2003
まとめ
協力において,公平性は重要だ. 不公平な制裁は利他主義を破壊し,公正な制裁は利他主義を保ち,行動科学や経済学の利己主義理論に異議を唱える.
科学分野:
- 行動科学は,行動科学である.
- 実験経済学の実験経済学
- 社会心理学 社会心理学とは
背景:
- 非親族間の協力は,行動科学の重要な問題である.
- 現在の生物学的および経済的モデルでは,協力は報酬や罰によって,自己利益によってのみ推進されると仮定することが多い.
- これらのモデルは,公平性と利他主義の役割を無視しています.
研究 の 目的:
- 制裁の公平性に対する認識が利他的な協力に与える影響を調査する.
- 協力の心理的基盤を調査することによって,支配的な自己利益理論に挑戦する.
- 公平性の考慮を無視する経済モデルの限界を実証する.
主な方法:
- 制裁の公平性を実験的に操作する.
- 遺伝的に無縁の個体における協力的行動の測定.
- 協力と遵守の背後にある心理的動機の分析.
主要な成果:
- 不公平であると認識される制裁,特に利己的な意図を明らかにする制裁は,利他的な協力を大幅に減少させます.
- 公正であると認識される制裁は利他主義に負の影響を及ぼさず,協力関係を維持することができます.
- この調査結果は,自発的な協力を維持する上で,正義の認識が果たす重要な役割を強調しています.
結論:
- 既存の利己的な協力モデルは,公正な制裁と不公正な制裁の決定的な区別を無視しているため,不完全である.
- 公平性に基づく利他主義は,協力の強力な推進力であり,執行メカニズムの正当性によって大きく影響を受けます.
- 制裁の公平性の影響を理解することは,個人的な関係,教育,ビジネスを含む様々な社会的文脈において不可欠です.
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