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関連する概念動画

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: May 26, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space
14:19

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

原子変数レコーダー 原子変数レコーダー

R Kienberger1, E Goulielmakis, M Uiberacker

  • 1Institut für Photonik, Technische Universität Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27, A-1040 Wien, Austria.

Nature
|February 27, 2004
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

研究者は,原子電子の動態を記録するために,単一の250アット秒の極紫外 (XUV) パルスを生成し,測定しました. この画期的な発見により,原子内の電子の動きをリアルタイムで観測することが可能になり,原子の過程を理解する上で極めて重要です.

さらに関連する動画

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space
14:19

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

科学分野:

  • 原子物理 原子物理学
  • 量子力学は,量子力学という
  • 超高速科学とは

背景:

  • 水素原子における電子の軌道運動は,原子力学のアト秒 (as = 10^-18 s) タイムスケールを定義する.
  • 原子トランジタをリアルタイムで記録するには,このアット秒スケールでの刺激と探査が必要です.
  • サブフェムト秒 (fs = 10^-15 s) の極紫外 (XUV) パルスを生成する技術の進歩により,アット秒体制の探査が可能になりました.

研究 の 目的:

  • 単一の250アット秒のXUVパルスの生成と測定を実証する.
  • これらのパルスを利用して原子を刺激し,放出された電子のダイナミクスを探知する.
  • ボールの軌道時間内に原子電子の動態を解明できるトランジントレコーダーを開発する.

主な方法:

  • 250アット秒の単一のXUVパルスの生成と測定.
  • これらのアット秒のXUVパルスを使って原子を刺激する.
  • 激しく波形制御された数サイクルレーザーパルスを使って,電子の時間・モメンタム分布のトモグラフィック画像を取得します.

主要な成果:

  • 250アット秒のXUVパルスの生成と測定が成功しました.
  • 主要光電子のトモグラフィー画像は,刺激パルスの持続時間と周波数のスイープに関する正確な情報を提供しました.
  • 二次オーガー電子のトモグラフィック画像は,電子殻のリラックスダイナミクスの洞察を提供した.

結論:

  • ~750nmのレーザー探査機と~100eVの刺激を使用して開発されたトランジントレコーダーは,アット秒のタイムスケールで原子電子ダイナミクスを解くことができます.
  • この技術は,原子の超高速電子ダイナミクスを研究するための新しい道を開きます.
  • 電子の動きをリアルタイムで探知する能力は,基本的な原子過程の理解を向上させます.