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関連する概念動画

The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
08:17

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Published on: August 25, 2017

大西洋上空でオゾン層が増えている.

J Lelieveld1, J van Aardenne, H Fischer

  • 1Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 15, 2004
PubMed
まとめ

船舶によるオゾン測定は,北半球ではわずかな傾向を示しているが,低緯度と南半球では,倍以上に増加している. このオゾン層の増加は,アフリカのエネルギー使用による窒素酸化物排出量の増加に関連しています.

科学分野:

  • 大気化学 大気化学
  • 気候科学 気候科学
  • 環境監視 環境モニタリング

背景:

  • オゾン (O3) は大気の重要な構成要素であり,空気質と気候に影響を与えます.
  • オゾン層の長期的な傾向を理解することは,環境変化の評価に不可欠です.
  • 以前の研究では,オゾンレベルの地域的な変動が示されましたが,海洋地域からの包括的な長期的なデータは限られていました.

研究 の 目的:

  • 1977年から2002年までの大西洋上空での船舶によるオゾン測定を分析する.
  • 異なる緯度帯域におけるオゾン (O3) 傾向を特定し,定量化する.
  • 観測されたオゾントレンドの背後にある潜在的な要因を調査すること,特にサンプリング不足の地域で.

主な方法:

  • 大西洋上空で収集された船上観測データを活用した.
  • 26年 (1977年-2002年) の期間 (1977年-2002年) にわたるオゾン (O3) 濃度を分析した.
  • 人為的な窒素酸化物 (NOx) を含む潜在的な排出源と相関するオゾントレンド.

主要な成果:

  • 北部中緯度で観測された最小オゾン (O3) 傾向.
  • 低緯度および南半球では,表面近くのオゾン (O3) が2倍まで大幅に増加していることが記録されています.

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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

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In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
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In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
08:17

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Published on: August 25, 2017

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
08:54

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

  • アフリカのエネルギー使用による人為的な窒素酸化物 (NOx) 排出量の増加と,これらの地域におけるオゾン濃度の上昇との強い相関を特定した.

    • 結論:

    • 人為的な窒素酸化物 (NOx) 排出,特にアフリカのエネルギー使用による排出は,低緯度および南半球におけるオゾン (O3) の増加の重要な要因である.
    • オゾントレンドは地域格差が大きく,局所的な排出源が地球大気組成に与える影響を強調しています.
    • オゾンおよびその前駆物質の継続的なモニタリングは,大気汚染を理解し,軽減するために不可欠です.