ランダム化対照試験の外部有効性: "この試験の結果は誰に適用されますか?"
1Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK. peter.rothwell@clneuro.ox.ac.uk
Lancet (London, England)
|January 11, 2005
まとめ
ランダム化対照試験 (RCT) の外部有効性,または一般化性は,効果的な臨床意思決定に不可欠です. このレビューは,外部有効性の無視を強調し,医学研究における報告を改善するための勧告を提供しています.
科学分野:
- 臨床試験の方法論 臨床試験の方法論
- 根拠に基づいた医学は,証拠に基づいた医療です.
- 医療サービス 研究 医療サービス
背景:
- 治療の決定は,ランダム化制御試験 (RCT) と体系的なレビューに基づいています.
- 外部有効性 (一般化性) は,臨床試験結果を現実の臨床実践に適用するための鍵です.
- 臨床医は,いくつかの試験における外部有効性の低下を認識し,効果的な治療法の潜在的未使用につながる.
研究 の 目的:
- 臨床試験における外部有効性の決定要因について議論する.
- 外部有効性を評価するために臨床医のためのチェックリストを提示する.
- RCTの設計と報告において,外部有効性を考慮するための改善を推奨する.
主な方法:
- RCTにおける外部有効性の決定因子に関する文献のレビュー.
- 汎用性を評価するための臨床医に焦点を当てたチェックリストの開発.
- 試験出版物および体系的レビューにおける外部有効性に関する現在の報告慣行の分析.
主要な成果:
- 外部有効性は,研究者や業界,規制当局によってしばしば無視されます.
- 出版物における外部有効性に影響を与える要因の報告は,しばしば不十分である.
- 臨床医は,試験結果の汎用性を独立して判断することができます.
結論:
- 報告の改善と外部有効性の考慮は,エビデンスベースの実践にとって不可欠です.
- 構造的なアプローチとチェックリストは,臨床医が治療の適用性を評価するのに役立ちます.
- RCTにおける外部有効性に対するより大きな注意は,研究成果のルーティンケアにおける有用性を高めます.
キーワード:
生物医学および行動研究関連する概念動画
Group Design
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...
Reliability and Validity
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
What is an Experiment?
An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
Randomized Experiments
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Simple randomization
Simple...
Comparing Experimental Results: Student's t-Test
The t-test is a statistical method used to compare the sample mean with a population mean or compare two means from two data sets. The test statistic is calculated from the standard deviation, mean, and number of measurements in the data set at a selected confidence interval and then compared to a table of critical values at this confidence level. If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value, the null hypothesis is accepted. In this case, we state that the difference between the...
Fisher's Exact Test
Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test widely used to analyze 2x2 contingency tables, particularly in situations where sample sizes are small. Unlike the chi-squared test, which approximates P-values and assumes minimum expected frequencies of at least five in each cell, Fisher's exact test calculates the exact probability (P-value) of observing the data or more extreme results under the null hypothesis. This feature makes it especially valuable when the assumptions of the...


