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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

In 1923, the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases was proposed by Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry. According to this theory, a Brønsted acid is defined as a species that donates a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted to its conjugate base. A Brønsted base is defined as a species that accepts a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted into its conjugate acid. These transfers of protons are caused by the displacement of electrons in these reactions, which is...

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Surface Passivation for Single-molecule Protein Studies

Surface Passivation for Single-molecule Protein Studies

Published on: April 24, 2014

ポリラクチド表面の単段階の共換機能化

Ulrica Edlund¹, Martina Källrot, Ann-Christine Albertsson

¹Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|June 16, 2005

まとめ

この研究は,蒸気相接合を用いたポリラクチドのような生物分解性ポリマーを改変するための新しい1段階の方法を導入しています. このテクニックは,表面の特性を高め,さらにカスタマイズすることができ,テーラーメイドの素材を作成します.

科学分野:

ポリマー化学のポリマー化学について
マテリアルサイエンス材料科学
表面工学とは,地表工学のことです.

背景:

ポリアクチドなどの生物分解性ポリマーはますます重要になってきているが,その機能性を高めるために表面の修正がしばしば必要である.
既存の表面改変技術は,複雑で破壊的,または範囲が限られている可能性があります.

研究の目的:

生物分解性ポリマー表面を移植し,化学的に改変するための多用途,単段階,非破壊的方法を開発する.
望ましい特性を有するカスタマイズされたポリマー表面の作成を可能にします.

主な方法:

ビニル単体 (アクリラミド,マレー酸アンヒドリド,N-ビニルピロリドン) をポリラクチド基板に蒸気相インプラント化.
ベンゾフェノンを使用して,溶媒のない条件下でフォトイニシエーション.
X線光電子スペクトロスコーピー (XPS),減弱総反射フーリエ変換赤外線スペクトロスコーピー (ATR-FTIR),接触角度測定,およびスキャン電子顕微鏡 (SEM) を使用した表面特徴付け.

主要な成果:

ポリラクチドの成功した移植と化学的表面改変が達成されました.
改造された表面は,湿透性が著しく増加したことを示した.
移植鎖のペンダントグループは機能し続け,その後の修正を可能にしました.

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Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Published on: August 26, 2013

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Published on: October 5, 2017

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Surface Passivation for Single-molecule Protein Studies

Surface Passivation for Single-molecule Protein Studies

Published on: April 24, 2014

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Published on: August 26, 2013

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Published on: October 5, 2017

結論:

開発された技術は,ポリマー表面の機能化のためのシンプルで破壊的でない,そして汎用的なアプローチを提供します.
この方法により,生物分解性ポリマー表面を設計し,さまざまな用途に精密に制御された特性を持つことができる.