ラジオ探査の昼間バイアスと20世紀後半の温暖化
Steven C Sherwood1, John R Lanzante, Cathryn L Meyer
1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. ssherwood@alum.mit.edu
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 16, 2005
まとめ
天気気気球の昼間の気温は夜間の気温より低温で,1970年代以降の傾向です. 太陽熱によって引き起こされるこのバイアスは,気候記録に影響を及ぼし,放射探査機と地表温度トレンドの間の不一致を説明する可能性があります.
科学分野:
- 大気科学 大気科学
- 気候学 気候学
- 気象学 気象学 気象学
背景:
- 天気気気球 (無線探査機) は大気温データにとって極めて重要です.
- 放射探査機と地表温度傾向の間には不一致がある.
- 昼間の太陽光による加熱は,計器エラーの既知の原因です.
研究 の 目的:
- ラジオ探査データにおける昼間の温度差を調査するために.
- 太陽熱の偏差がトロポスフィアの気温動向に影響するかどうかを判断する.
- このバイアスの影響が,放射探査機と表面温度のトレンド調整に与える影響を評価する.
主な方法:
- 隣接する00:00と1200UTCの無線探査レポートの分析.
- 1970年代以降,特に熱帯地域における気温の動向の調査.
- 観測された昼間の温度差の特徴の評価.
主要な成果:
- 1970年代以降,昼間と夜間の無線探査機の温度がより涼しいという一貫した傾向が観察されました.
- この傾向は,熱帯の駅ではより顕著です.
- 観測された傾向は,時間の経過とともに太陽熱の誤差が体系的に減少していることに起因する.
結論:
- ラジオ探査データにおける昼間の温度差は,おそらく人工物である.
- この人工物は,放射探査機と地表温度傾向の間の観察された差異を調和させることができます.
- 正確な気候記録は,この太陽熱のバイアスから自由でなければなりません.
関連する概念動画
01:50Global Climate Change
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
01:13Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
01:14Temperature Measurement Sites
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
01:04Random Error
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
01:15Distance Corrections
To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
01:30Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...