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関連する概念動画

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 26, 2011

tRNAのダイナミックトランジションは,溶媒誘発である.

Gokhan Caliskan1, Robert M Briber, D Thirumalai

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 5, 2006
PubMed
まとめ

ハイドラートトランスファーRNA (tRNA) とリゾーザイムは,溶媒誘導を示唆する,似たようなダイナミックな移行を示している. メチル基は,マクロ分子におけるこの移行に欠かせないように見える.

科学分野:

  • バイオフィジックス 生物物理学
  • 構造生物学 構造生物学とは
  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー

背景:

  • タンパク質とRNAは,異なる構造と骨格構造を持っています.
  • 生物学的マクロモレキュルは,その環境の影響を受け,ダイナミックな移行を経験します.
  • これらの移行を理解することは,分子機能を理解する鍵です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 中性子散乱光譜を用いて転送RNA (tRNA) の動態を調査する.
  • ライソ酵素などのタンパク質の動的行動とtRNAの動的行動を比較する.
  • マクロ分子ダイナミクスにおける溶媒とメチル群の役割を調査する.

主な方法:

  • 中性子散射スペクトロスコピーは,tRNAの動態を研究するために使用されました.
  • 水素化されたtRNAと水素化されたリゾジームは,同様の条件下で分析されました.
  • ダイナミック・トランジション温度を比較分析した.

主要な成果:

  • 水素化されたtRNAは,水素化されたリゾジームと同じ温度でダイナミックな移行を経験します.
  • この類似性は,ダイナミックトランジションの溶媒誘発メカニズムを支持する.

さらに関連する動画

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 26, 2011

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

  • 有意なメチル群が欠けているtRNAは,この移行の主要な原動力ではないことを示しています.

    • 結論:

    • tRNAやタンパク質のような生物学的マクロ分子におけるダイナミックな移行は,主に溶媒誘発である.
    • メチルグループは,一般的なダイナミックトランジションの主な貢献者ではない可能性が高い.
    • しかし,メチル基は,tRNAとリソ酵素の低温ダイナミクスにおける観察された差異を説明する可能性がある.